Department of Environmental Sciences

Preparing students to think like never before

The Department of Environmental Sciences is committed to inspire a life long commitment to the Earth for environmental responsibilities through research and education in sciences
and technology.

Scheme of Study

Semester I
Code	Title	Credit	Pre-requisite
BIO 100	Fundamentals of Biology	3 (2 3)
CHM 105	Introduction to Chemical Sciences	3 (2 3)
ENV 101	Fundamentals of Environment	3 (3 0)
HUM 110	Islamic Studies	3 (3 0)
HUM 100	English Comprehension & Composition	3 (3 0)
MTH 100	Mathematics I	3 (3 0)
	Total Number of Credit hours	18 (16 2)
Semester II
Code	Title	Credit	Pre-requisite
BIO 110	Biology of Plants	3 (2 3)	BIO 100
BIO 150	Fundamentals of Microbiology	3 (2 3)	BIO 100
ENV 121	Environmental Chemistry	3 (2 3)	CHM 105
GEO 111	Earth Sciences - Basic	4 (3 3)
HUM 111	Pakistan Studies	3 (3 0)
HUM 103	Communication Skills	3 (3 0)
	Total Number of Credit hours	19 (15 4)
Semester III
Code	Title	Credit	Pre-requisite
CSC 101	Introduction to Computing	3 (2 3)
ENV 281	Fundamentals of Ecology	3 (2 3)	BIO 100
ENV 211	Environmental Microbiology	3 (2 3)	BIO 150
HUM 205	Introduction to Psychology	3 (3 0)
HUM102	Report Writing Skills	3 (3 0)
MTH 161	Introduction to Statistics	3 (3 0)
	Total Number of Credit hours	18 (15 3)
Semester IV
Credit	Title	Code	Pre-requisite
BIO 141	Fundamentals of Molecular Biology	3 (2 3)
ENV 241	Environmental Physics	3 (2 3)
ENV 273	Environmental Toxicology	3 (2 3)	ENV 101 & ENV 121
ENV 204	Introductory Economics	3 (3 0)
GEO 212	Soil Sciences	3 (2 3)
GEO 361	Climatology	3 (3 0)
	Total Number of Credit hours	18 (14 4)
Semester V
Code	Title	Credit	Pre-requisite
CHM 325	Analytical Techniques	3 (2 3)
ENV 343	Environmental Monitoring	3 (3 0)
ENV 351	Environmental Management System	4 (3 3)	ENV 101
ENV 371	Environment & Health	3 (2 3)	ENV 101
ENV 382	Applied Ecology	3 (2 3)	ENV 101, ENV 281
	Total Number of Credit hours	16 (12 4)
Semester VI
Code	Title	Credit	Pre-requisite
BIO 320	Fundamentals of Environmental and Bio-technology	4 ( 3 3)	BIO 141
ENV 312	Conservation Biology	3 (2 3)
ENV 342	Energy Sources and Technology	3 (3 0)	ENV 241
ENV 361	Environmental Impact Assessment	3 (3 0)	GEO 111
ENV 362	Environmental Policies & Regulations	3 (3 0)	ENV 101 & ENV 273
	Total Number of Credit hours	16 (14 2)
Semester VII
Code	Title	Credit	Pre-requisit
ENV 302	GIS & Remote Sensing	3 (3 0)	GEO 361
ENV 455	Research Methodology in Environmental Sciences	3 (3 0)
HUM430	French	3 (3 0)
XXX1	Elective	3 (3 0)
XXX2	Elective	3 (3 0)
	Total Number of Credit hours	15 (15 0)
Semester VIII
Code	Title	Credit	Pre-requisit
ENV 472	Occupational Health and Safety	3 (3 0)	ENV 371
ENV 499	Thesis	6 (6 0)
XXX3	Elective	3 (3 0)
XXX4	Elective	3 (3 0)
	Total Number of Credit hours	15 (15 0)

List of elective subjects

Code	Title	Credit	Pre-requisite
ENV 403	Social Theory of Environment	3 (3 0)
ENV 422	Industrial Analytical Chemistry	3 (2 3)	CHM 325
ENV 423	Medicinal Chemistry	3 (2 3)	CHM 325
ENV 424	Applied Environmental Chemistry	3 (2 3)	ENV 121
ENV 425	Geochemistry	3 (2 3)	GEO111, GEO 212 CHM325
ENV 412	Applied Environmental Microbiology	3 (2 3)	BIO 150
ENV 413	Applied Environmental Biotechnology	3 (2 3)	BIO 320
ENV 414	Recombinant DNA Technology	3 (2 3)	BIO 202, ENV 371
ENV 415	Cell and Tissue Culture	3 (2 3)	BIO 150, BIO 320
ENV 416	Waste Treatment Technology	3 (2 3)	ENV 342
ENV 417	Environmental Remediation	3 (2 3)	BIO 320, ENV 342
ENV 431	Earth Sciences – Advance	3 (2 3)	GEO 111
ENV 432	Soil Sciences	3 (2 3)	GEO 111
ENV 433	Geohazards and Natural Disasters	3 (3 0)	GEO111, ENV 342
ENV 434	Hydro-geology	3 (3 0)	ENV 131, GEO 111
ENV 435	Water Resource Management	3 (3 0)	ENV 342
ENV 444	Renewable Energy Technology	3 (3 0)	ENV 241, ENV 342
ENV445	Energy Efficiency in Built Environment	3 (3 0)
ENV 474	Poverty and Environment	3 (3 0)
ENV 414	Landscape Designing	3 (3 0)
ENV 475	Environmental Psychology	3 (3 0)

ELECTIVE SUBJECTS

Code	Title	Credit	Pre-requisite
ENV 403	Social Theory of Environment	3 (3 0)
ENV 422	Industrial Analytical Chemistry	3 (2 3)	CHM 325
ENV 423	Medicinal Chemistry	3 (2 3)	CHM 325
ENV 424	Applied Environmental Chemistry	3 (2 3)	ENV 121
ENV 425	Geochemistry	3 (2 3)	GEO111, GEO 212 CHM325
ENV 412	Applied Environmental Microbiology	3 (2 3)	BIO 150
ENV 413	Applied Environmental Biotechnology	3 (2 3)	BIO 320
ENV 414	Recombinant DNA Technology	3 (2 3)	BIO 202, ENV 371
ENV 415	Cell and Tissue Culture	3 (2 3)	BIO 150, BIO 320
ENV 416	Waste Treatment Technology	3 (2 3)	ENV 342
ENV 417	Environmental Remediation	3 (2 3)	BIO 320, ENV 342
ENV 431	Earth Sciences – Advance	3 (2 3)	GEO 111
ENV 432	Soil Sciences	3 (2 3)	GEO 111
ENV 433	Geohazards and Natural Disasters	3 (3 0)	GEO111, ENV 342
ENV 434	Hydro-geology	3 (3 0)	ENV 131, GEO 111
ENV 435	Water Resource Management	3 (3 0)	ENV 342
ENV 444	Renewable Energy Technology	3 (3 0)	ENV 241, ENV 342
ENV445	Energy Efficiency in Built Environment	3 (3 0)
ENV 474	Poverty and Environment	3 (3 0)
ENV 414	Landscape Designing	3 (3 0)
ENV 475	Environmental Psychology	3 (3 0)

Specializations are available in the following research areas:
1. Environmental Microbiology/Biotechnology
2. Environmental Geology
3. Environmental Chemistry

Subject Courses: Environment Sciences

Code	Title	Credit	Pre-requisite
ENV 101	Fundamentals of Environment	3 (3 0)
ENV 121	Environmental Chemistry	3 (2 3)	CHM 105
ENV 204	Introductory Environmental Economics	3 (3 0)
ENV 211	Environmental Microbiology	3 (2 3)	BIO 150
ENV 241	Environmental Physics	3 (2 3)
ENV 273	Environmental Toxicology	3 ( 2 3 )	ENV 101 & ENV 121
ENV 281	Fundamentals of Ecology	3 (2 3)	BIO 100
ENV 302	GIS & Remote Sensing	3 (3 0)	GEO 361
ENV 312	Conservation Biology	3 (2 3)
ENV 342	Energy Sources and Technology	3 (3 0)	ENV 241
ENV 343	Environmental Monitoring	3 (3 0)
ENV 351	Environmental Management System	4 (3 3)	ENV 101
ENV 361	Environmental Impact Assessment	3 (3 0)	GEO 111
ENV 362	Environmental Policies & Regulations	3 (3 0)	ENV 101 & ENV 271
ENV 371	Environment & Health	3 (2 3)	ENV 101
ENV 382	Applied Ecology	3 (2 3)	ENV 101, ENV 281
ENV 403	Social Theory of Environment	3 (3 0)
ENV 412	Applied Environmental Microbiology	3 (2 3)	BIO 150
ENV 413	Applied Environmental Biotechnology	3 (2 3)	BIO 320
ENV 414	Recombinant DNA Technology	3 (2 3)	BIO 202, ENV 371
ENV 414	Landscape Designing	3 (3 0)
ENV 415	Cell and Tissue Culture	3 (2 3)	BIO 150, BIO 320
ENV 416	Waste Treatment Technology	3 (2 3)	ENV 342
ENV 417	Environmental Remediation	3 (2 3)	BIO320, ENV 342
ENV 422	Industrial Analytical Chemistry	3 (2 3)	CHM 325
ENV 423	Medicinal Chemistry	3 (2 3)	CHM 325
ENV 425	Geochemistry	3 (2 3)	GEO111, GEO 212 CHM325
ENV 431	Earth Sciences – Advance	3 (2 3)	GEO 111
ENV 433	Geohazards and Natural Disasters	3 (3 0)	GEO111, ENV 342
ENV 434	Hydro-geology	3 (3 0)	ENV 131, GEO 111
ENV 435	Water Resource Management	3 (3 0)	ENV 342
ENV 444	Renewable Energy Technology	3 (3 0)	ENV 241, ENV 342
ENV 445	Energy Efficiency in Built Environment	3 (3 0)
ENV 455	Research Methodology in Environmental Sciences	3 (3 0)
ENV 472	Occupational Health and Safety	3 (3 0)	ENV 371
ENV 474	Poverty and Environment	3 (3 0)
ENV 475	Environmental Psychology	3 (3 0)

Course: Fundamentals of Environmental Science
Course code: ENV 101, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: None
Objectives:

Familiarize students with the scientific approach to understanding the interactions among four major earth systems—the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere & biosphere.
Provide the background necessary to understand the potential of technological changes to effect the global environment.
This course will impart modern information on man’s environment at various scales from the global to the local; to integrate the study of the different fields of physical geography, fresh water and water pollution etc.

Course Contents:
Definitions, History, Movements, Environmental Systems; atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, origin and interrelationship. Environmental factors; chemical, physical and biological. Environmental pollution, types, sources, causes, effects. Environmental dilemmas; deforestation, water logging, salinity, drought and desertification. Issues of environment and sustainable development. Issues of the social environment; population growth, urbanization, migration and poverty. Environment and life style. Stratosphere Ozone degradation, Stratospheric photolysis, Antarctic Ozone hole VOC’s anthropogenic and Natural sources. The interaction between the Geosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Biosphere

Recommended Literature

Botkin, D and Keller, E., 2000. Environmental Science: Earth As a Living Planet. 8th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Cunningham, W.P., Saigo, B. W., 2001. Environmental Science. 6th ed. McGraw-Hill.
Enger, E.D. and Smith, B.F., 1997. Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships. McGraw Hill.
Kupchella, C.E. and Hyland, M.C., 1986. Environmental Science: Living within the System of Nature. Printice-Hall.

5. Nebel, B.J. and Wright, R.T., 1999. Environmental Science, 6th ed. Prentice Hall.

Course: Environmental Chemistry

Course Code: ENV 121, Credit Hours: 3(2 3), Pre-requisite: CHM 105

Objectives:
The environmental chemistry course encompasses challenging studies of highly complex systems.

The study of this course will enable the scholars to understand the ways in which human activities interact with natural processes.
The main objectives of the course are to enable students to deal with chemical principles operating in the natural and altered environment. The case studies chosen from all continents, emphasizing the world wide interconnection of all environmental issues.

Course Contents:
Introduction of Environmental Chemistry, Origin and evolution of Earth, Formation of crust and atmosphere, The hydrosphere, The origin of life and evolution of the atmosphere
The atmosphere, Origin, transport, reactions, fate and effect of chemicals in air, Urban and indoor chemicals, The chemistry of global climate, Ozone Smog, Green House Effect, Acid Rain, Removal Processes

The Hydrosphere, Origin, transport, reactions and effect and fate of chemicals in water in general and special reference to, Pesticides, Dioxins, Water pollution and waste-water treatment chemistry [3], Microbial Processes, Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Sulphur Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle, Eutrophication

Terrestrial Environment Origin, transport, reactions and effect and fate of chemicals in water, Soil properties, Chemistry of solid wastes, Organic biocides, Soil Biological Activities, Soil Conservation

Instrumental Methods of Analysis Sampling techniques, Principles of; Filtration, Titration, Distillation, Paper Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Recommended Literature

J E Andrews, P. Brimblecomb, 1996,’An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry’ Blackwell Science, UK
Gary W vanLoon, Stephen J Duffy, 2003, Environmental Chemistry, a global perspective’, Oxford University Press
P. K. Gupta, 2004,’Mthods in Environmental Analysis, Water, air and soil’, Agrobios India
C N Sawer, P L McCarty, G F Parkin, 1994,’ Chemistry for Environmental Engineering’ McGRAW-HILL International Edition.
A Khurshid Ahmed, 1998‘Environmental Engineering Laboratory’ publishers Lahore.

Course: Introductory Environmental Economics

Course code: ENV 204, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: None

Objectives:
To asquint the student with environmental problems described in economics terms.
To encourage the students to apply key Economics principles in evaluating environmental issues.
To aid the students in judging what kinds of decisions, policies and behavior are sensible at both the personal and societal levels.
To integrate faith and learning in a specific economic area.

Course Contents:
Introduction: Nature and Scope of Economics. Economics and Environmental Economics, Environment and its Functions, Environmental resources and their types. Natural resources and the economy, Man-environment relationship, Economic system and the environment. Utility analysis, Indifference curves analysis and Demand, elasticity of demand. Factors of production, Production function, Cost and cost curves, Market structures. Equilibrium of the firm and industry under perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition in the short and long run. National Income, concepts and measurement, Growth and Development, Poverty, growth and environment.

Recommended Literature

Samuelson, P. and W.D. Nordhaus, 1998. Economics (16th edition), McGraw Hill.
Hardwick, P. 1986. An Introduction to Modern Economics (2nd edition), ELBS/Longman.
Perman, R., Y. Ma, and M. Common 1999. Natural Resource and Environmental Economics. 2nd edition. Longman.
Field, B.C., 1994, Environmental Economics: An Introduction, McGraw Hill, Inc.

Course: Basic Environmental Technology
Course code: ENV 205, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: ENV 101 & ENV 121

Objectives:
This course provides the highest standard of knowledge and skill development for students, enabling them to become leaders in their fields. Students acquire a diverse range of problem solving framework for tackling contemporary environmental issues. A major emphasis of the course is on the way that environmental functions and on the compatible tools, alternate technologies and policies for sustainable development.

Course Contents:
Drinking water and wastewater treatment, Water treatment, Treatment and distribution of drinking water supply
Wastewater treatment: Self-purification capacity of surface water, Sewage wastewater and industrial wastewater treatment, Grit Chamber, Primary Clarifier: Conception, Aeration Basin,
Secondary Clarifier: Settling velocity, Mechanical sludge dewatering, Disposal of municipal and industrial wastewater.

Solid and hazardous waste management: Type of solid waste, Type of solid waste treatment, Composting, Land filling, Incineration, Collection, Treatment
Waste site investigation and remediation, Waste reuse and recycling, Hazardous waste.

Air pollution control: Historical background, Types sources and affect of air pollution, Global air pollution, Air pollution control

Noise pollution and control: The human ear, Effect of noise, Noise mitigation, Noise pollution control, New Research and development in air, water and wastewater treatment

Recommended Literature
1. Metcalf & Eddy, 2003., wastewater engineering. Mc Grqw Hill, 4th Edition
2. Perkins H.C;. Air Pollution (latest edition). Mc Graw Hill

Course: Environmental Microbiology
Course code: ENV 211, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: BIO 150

Objectives:
The specific objective of this course is to introduce the students, the nature of microorganisms and how they function in the soil ecosystem. The relationship of soil microbial activity to soil organic matter, mineral transformations, plant nutrition, and environmental quality will be discussed.

Course Contents:
Environment, Microbiology, Habitats. Microbes as a component of Environment. Microbial communities, Growth and nutrition Growth of Microorganisms, Batch, Continuous and Mixed cultures. Influence of environment on growth and Measurement of growth, Control of microorganisms.

Interaction among microbial population. Aquatic Microbiology & Water and Wastewater Microbiology: Types of Water, Classification of Water, Physio-chemical and Microbiological Characteristics, Types of Organisms.
Sewage & Sewage Treatment, Industrial Wastewater treatment
The Air Microbiology, Soil Microbiology, Biodegradation and bioaccumulation
Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals in Soil and Water
Bioremediation

Recommended Literature

Srivastava, M. (2004). Environmental Microbiology. Nagri Pub. New Dehli.
Prescott. L.M., Harley G.P., Klei C.A. 1992. Microbiolgy (4th edition). McGraw Hill Inc.
Telezar M.A., Chan E.C.S. Microbiology: Concepts and Applications. Mc Graw Hill Inc. Mitches R., Environmetnal Micobiology, McGraw Hill Inc.
Denyer S.P., Gorman S.P. Microbial Bioskills: Formation and Control. Mc Graw Hill Inc.

5. Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry by E. A. Paul and F. E. Clark (2nd edition).

Course: Environmental Physics

Course code: ENV 241, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: None

Objectives:
This Course Is Based On The Physical Sciences, And Addresses Environmental Problems Related To Air, Water, Land, And Energy. The Course Provides A Good Grounding, Mathematics And physics of the Environment.

The course aims to develop:
A wide knowledge base, A multi-disciplinary view of environmental problems,
A critical assessment of scientific information, Skills in the analysis of problem,
Ability to report of environmental problems, Effectively communicate their knowledge of environmental physics. Ability to understand specific environmental problems such as acid rain, ozone depletion and global warming in the context of an overall understanding of the atmosphere.Discuss the problems of energy demand and explain the possible contributions of renewable to energy supply.

Course Contents:
The Essentials of Environmental Physics, Basic Environmental Spectroscopy; Introduction to the Solar Spectrum, Interaction of Light with Matter, Bio-molecules, Ozone and UV Light. The Global Climate, Energy for Human Use; Heat Transfer, Energy from (mainly) Fossil Fuels, The Price of Energy Conversion, Nuclear Energy. Transport of Pollutants, Diffusion, Conservation of Mass, Flow in Rivers, Ground Water Flow, The Equations of Fluid

Dynamics, Turbulence, Turbulent Diffusion, Gaussian plumes in the Air, Turbulent Jets and Plumes, Particle Physics. Noise, Basic Acoustics, Human Perceptions and Noise Criteria, Reducing the Transmission of Sound, Active Control of Sound. Spectra and Examples of Environmental Spectroscopy; Atomic Spectra, Molecular Spectra, Scattering, Spectroscopy of the Inner Electrons of Atoms and Molecules, Examples of Environmental Analysis. The Context of Society; Risk Estimation, Limits on Cheap Resources, Saving Energy Resources and Nature.
Recommended Literature

Boeker, E., 1999. Environmental Physics, 2nd ed., England: John Wiley & Sons.

Guyot. G., 1998. Physics of the Environment and Climate, Praxis: England.

3. Boeker, E, 1999. “ Environmental Physics” 2nd, ed , England; Guyot. G, 1998. Physics of the Environment and Climate”. By Praxis: England.

Course: Environmental Toxicology
Course Code: ENV 273, Credit Hours: 3(2 3), Pre-requisite: ENV 101&121

Objectives:
Provides students with an appreciation and understanding of the principles of environmental toxicology, biology and chemistry including the sources, fate, and effects of chemicals and microbes in the environment. Emphasis is on contemporary problems in human health and the environment.
It introduces topics and issues related to poisoning and disrupting the environment of the earth. It provides a basic understanding of ecology, ecosystems and ecological principles in order to examine the pollution of the land and seas as not merely a scientific or economic problem, but as a political problem. It scrutinizes the excessive use of pesticides and the world's dangerous over-reliance on massive pesticide applications. This course will help to aware local issues relative to toxicity in our environments. It enables students to act with knowledge and understanding in dealing with environmental problems as we endeavor to help provide solutions.

Course Contents:

Introduction, Basic Principles of Toxicology, Toxicology of Gaseous Pollutants, Petroleum and Solvents, Soil Toxicology, Toxic Metals in Environment, Toxicity of Pesticides, Ionising Radiation, Dose Response Relationship, Bioaccumulation and Biomagnifications, Threshold Limit For Toxins, Toxicological Agents and Their Types, Toxicant Metabolism and Accumulation In Body Organs and Pathways, Response of The Body Systems to Toxicological Agents, Immunologic Considerations in Toxicology, Toxicity Screening using Microbial Systems, Risks and their Characterization, Risk Assessment

Recommended Literature

Botkin D and Keller E., 1995. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lippmann, M., 1992. Environmental Toxicants (Human exposure and their Health Effects), 1st ed. Van Nostrand and Reinhold New York, USA.
Yassi, A., Kjelllström, T., de Kok, T. and Guidotti, T. L., 2001. Basic Environmental Health. 1st ed. Oxford University Press New York, USA.
Ballantyne, B., Marrs, T. and Turner P. (editors), 1993, General and applied Toxicology, Vol.1 & 2, Macmillan Press Ltd.
Satake, M. et al, 2001, ‘Environmental TOxicology’, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, India
Crosby, Donald G. 1998. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Oxford University Press, New York.

Course: Fundamentals of Ecology

Course code: ENV 281, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: BIO 100

Objectives:

This course emphasizes:

Principles at the population, community, and ecosystem levels of organization.

Representative topics include energy flow, biogeochemical cycles, population regulation, types of ecosystems.

Consideration given to society's relationship to its environment

Course Contents:
Concept and framework of Ecosystem, Energy and material flow within ecosystem, Types of Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and their interrelationship with special emphasis on Pakistan. Succession (only basic concepts). COMMUNITIES: Concept and structure of ecosystem, Global distribution, Patterns of diversity, POPULATIONS: Population distribution and abundance, Distribution limits, patterns, Population density, rarity and extinction, Population dynamics. INTERACTION: Food webs, Community webs, Keystone species, Exotic predators, Humans as keystone species, Effects of human activities on ecosystem, Exploitation of Natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Ozone depletion, Acid rain, Overpopulation

Recommended Literature

Chapman, J. L. and Reiss, M. J., 1992. Ecology (Principles and applications).1st ed. Cambridge University Press UK.
Odum, E. P., 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. 3rd ed. Saunders Company Philadelphia, USA.
Moles, M. C. J., 1999. Ecology (Concepts and applications). 1st ed. WCB/McGraw-Hill New York, USA.

4. Slingsby, D. and Cook, C., 1986. Practical Ecology. 1st ed. McMillan Education Ltd. UK.

Course: Conservation Biology

Course code: ENV 312, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: None

Objectives:

Environmental conservation and sustainable development are high on agenda of global concern, so we should train our students in a way that they could meet the challenges of the market.

In this course we are integrating natural science, social science and humanities in a holistic manner to highlight the need of conservation of the world around and forms of life present on the globe.

To prevent continued decline of human society and biodiversity, interactions between humans, environment and conservation of biomes have to be in harmony.

Course Contents:

Conservation biology, philosophical background, need and approach, Threats to Biological Diversity. Conservation at the population and species level; natural history and ecology, Gathering ecological information, Monitoring populations, Establishment of new populations, Considerations for successful programmes, Social behavior of released animals, Ex-situ conservation strategies, Overview of conservation categories of species, Legal protection of species, National laws, International agreements, Conservation at the community level; Protected areas, Designing protected areas, Managing protected areas: Habitat management, Park management and people, Outside protected areas: Traditional societies and sustainable development, International approaches to conservation and sustainable development, An agenda for the future.

Recommended Literature

Primack, R. B. Sinauer., 2000. A Primer of Conservation Biology, 2nd ed. Associates Inc. Publishers Sunderland, USA.
Cox, C. B. and Morre, P. D., 2000. Biogeography (An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach), 6th ed.Life Sciences King’s College London, UK.
Mirza, Z. B., 1998. Illustrated Handbook of Biodiversity of Pakistan, 1st ed. Saad Printopack Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Gaston, K. J. and Spicer, J. I., 1998. Biodiversity (An Introduction), 1st ed. Blackwell Science Ltd. UK.
Chapman, J. L. and Reiss, M. J., 1992. Ecology (Principles and Applications). 1sted. Cambridge University Press UK.
McKinny, M. L. and Schoch, M. R., 1998. Environmental Science (Systems and Solutions, 1st ed. Jones and Bartlett Publications US.
Hussain, S. S., 1992. Pakistan Manual of Plant Ecology, 1st ed. National Book Foundation. Pakistan.
Bradbury, I. K., 1998. The Biosphere, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc. UK.

Course: Energy Sources and Technology

Course code: ENV 342, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: GEO 241

Objectives:

This course aims at students with interest to increase the use of energy from renewable sources, as a key component of sustainability or ¨meeting the needs of the future without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs¨. For many participants the importance of sustainability is to leave a better environment for the future, by reducing the damage caused by conventional energies. In particular, the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is leading to a rapid expansion in renewable energy worldwide. Other participants place more emphasis on the present need to supply energy in remote areas for essential services, education and homes.
The programme is centred on the technology and application of renewable energy, in particular biomass, wind, solar and hydropower. These are set strongly in an environmental context, and economic and social factors are also considered.

Course Contents:
Fossil fuels and their environmental effects; Green house effect and acid rain etc. Renewable energy principles; essential Physics (fluid mechanics, thermodynamics etc.); Solar radiation characteristics, measurements and local data; Passive use of solar energy (water heating, air heating, crop dryers, space heating, water desalination, solar ponds and solar concentrators etc); Photovoltaic; Micro-hydro electric plants; Wind power; Biofuels; Ethanol from Biomass; Wave and tidal and ocean thermal energy; Geothermal energy; Energy storage (batteries and fuel cells etc); Hydrogen from renewable energy sources.

Recommended Literature

Walisiewicz, M. and Gribbin, J. (ed.), 2002. Alternative Energy (Essential Science Series). DK Publishing.

Hoffmann, P., 2002. Tomorrow’s Energy: Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and the Prospects for a Cleaner Planet. MIT Press.

Twidell, J. and Weir, T., 1986. Renewable Energy Resources. E & F.N.Spon Ltd.
Cassedy, E.D., 2002. Prospects for Sustainable Energy: A Critical Assessment. Cambridge University Press.
Trivedi, P.R. and Raj, Gurdeep., 1992. Environmental Energy Resources. Akashdeep Publishing, New Delhi.

Course: Environmental Monitoring (Air, Water, Soil & Noise)
Course code: ENV 343, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisites: None

Objectives:
Pollution and disintegration of ecological functions are of global, regional and local concerns. Teaching objective of Environmental Monitoring in degree programme is to provide students with knowledge and skills necessary for pollution abatement.

This course’s features links to information about monitoring environmental conditions for air, ground water and surface water

To enable the student to carry out independent scientific and technical research on environmental issues, and propose sustainable solutions for environmental problems.
After studying this course, it is expected that graduates will be able to understand natural and socio-economic processes driving environmental systems and will also gain scientific and technical expertise.

Course Contents:
Introduction. Objectives of sampling and monitoring program. Design and types of samples; pre-sampling requirements/information, sampling and design purposes, regulatory purposes for NEQS compliance, EIA requirement, NOC for plant operation, determination of concentration and distribution of a specific pollutant. Environmental sampling techniques. Quality assurance and quality control; planning analytic protocols quality assurance programmes, quality control sampling considerations, quality assessment, field custody, laboratory custody. Preservation methods including pH control, chemical addition, refrigeration and freezing methods. Biological indicators for environmental monitoring; role of biomarkers in environmental assessment.

Recommended Literature
Peakall D., 1992. Ecotoxicology Series 1: Animal Biomarker as Pollution Indicators, Chapman and Hall.
Bonotto, R., Nobili and Revoltella, R.P., 1992. Biological Indicators for Environmental Monitoring, Ares-Serono Symposia Via Ravenna, 8-Rome, Italy
Lawren H Keith, Environmental Sampling and Analysis: A Practical Guide
P. Patniak (Lewis), Handbook Of Environmental Analysis.
Mark E. Byrnes, Field Sampling Methods for Remedial Investigations.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, A. Greenberg (American Public Health Association).

Course: Environmental Management System
Course Code: ENV 351, Credit Hours: 4(3 3), Pre-requisite: ENV 101

Objectives:

Natural Resources Management
Sustainable Development & Management of Natural Resources
Sustainable Natural Resources Development & Management in Pakistan
Pollution and Natural Resources Conservation

Course Contents:
Natural resources and sustainable management of natural resources, Watershed Management, Rangeland Management, Wildlife Management, Water Resource Management, Fisheries Management, Agricultural Resource Management, Energy (coal, hydrocarbon, hydel) and Mineral Resource (Metallic and non-metallic deposits) Management, Land use Planning and Management.
Pollution and natural resources conservation, natural resources management with special reference to Pakistan

Practical work & Laboratory: Laboratory, field work and study tours.

Recommended Books:

Botkin D., Keller E., 1995. Environmental Science, Earth as a Living Planet, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Chua TE. 1993. Essential Elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Ocean and Coastal Management.
Dasmann, R F, 1984. Environmental Conservation, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Dr. Khan M. I., Tahir B.A., Amir S., and Akhtar N., 2004. Participatory Management, Allama Iqbal Open University.
Dr. Khan M. I., Tahir B.A., and Akhtar N., 2004. Integrated Environmental Management, Allama Iqbal Open University.
Goldsmith, F B and Warren, A, 1983. Conservation in Progress, John Willey and Sons; New York, USA.
GoP and IUCN. 1992. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (PNCS), Islamabad.
Hansen, P E and Jorqensen, S E, 1991. Introduction to Environmental Management – Development in Environmental Modelling. 18; Amsterdam, Elsevier.
Linsley. Water Resource Management. McGraw Hill.
Pearce and Turner, 1990. Economic of Natural Resources and the Environment, Harvester Wheat Sheaf, London.

Course: Environnemental Impact Assessment

Course Code: ENV 361, Credit hrs: 3 (3 0) Prerequisite: GEO 111

Objectives:

The EIA course is designed for the assessment of both the human health and the surrounding environment.
To give knowledge of EIA processes to students, to ensure the efficient resource use and avoid serious and irreversible damage to the environment.
To modify and improve environmentally sound and sustainable designs by different methods and techniques of EIA for impacts prediction.
To enhance the skills of graduates, for the practical application of EIA project in the real ground.

Course Contents:

Introduction. Principles and purposes of IEE and EIA and its significance for the society. Cost and benefits of EIA. Main stages in EIA process. Public consultation and participation in EIA process. EIA methods and techniques for impact prediction and evaluation. EIA involvement during project life cycle. EIA review and post project analysis. EIA process management. National Environmental Quality Standards for air, liquid, solids, and noise, role of quality assurance and quality control in environmental analysis. EIA Regulations 2000 of Pakistan. One case study to be completed by the students as practical work.

Recommended Literature

Wood, C., 1995. Environmental Impact Assessment (A Comparative Review). Longman Scientific and Technical. Longman House. Burnt Hill, Harlow Essex. UK.
Petts, J. and Eduljee, G., 1994. Environmental Impact Assessment for Waste Treatment and Disposal Facilities. John Willey & Sons Inc. UK.
North K., 1997. Environmental Business Management: An Introduction, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Khan M.I., Tahir B.A., and Akhtar N., 2004. Integrated Environmental Management: Urban and Rural, Allama Iqbal Open University.
Asian Development Bank. A Manual for Environmental Impact Assessment.

Course: Environmental Policies and Regulations
Course code: ENV 362, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: ENV 101 & 273

Objectives

This course has two principal objectives. The first is to provide an intensive introduction to the historical development and current issues of environmental policy in Pakistan, including basic perspectives, processes and institutions, major developments in the history of Pakistan environmental policy, environmental regulation and recent innovations, and implications of emerging international issues and institutions. The second objective is to develop each student’s skills in critical thinking and reasoning about environmental policy issues, both historical and current, and about the arguments of advocates on all sides of environmental issues; and in writing a concise assessment of a policy issue and options for dealing with it. The course is intended for graduate students and upper-level undergraduates who already have at least a basic understanding of environmental issues

Course Contents

Basic concepts (definitions and objectives of policies, plans, strategies, laws, rules and regulations); policy formulation process; environmental policy of Pakistan; Introduction and salient features; National Conservation Strategy (NCS); provincial and district conservation strategies; National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP); forestry and wildlife related policies; integration of environment in sectoral policies; International environmental policy; multilateral environmental agreements, Agenda 21; millennium development goals; WSSD; WEHAB framework; environmental laws, rules, regulations and guidelines in Pakistan; environmental policy instruments, environmental institutional framework in Pakistan. NEQS. WTO and Environment.

Recommended Literature

Barrow, C.J., 1995. Problems and Management. Essex, Longman.
Ball, S. and Bell, S., 1994. Environmental Law – The Law and Policy relating to the Protection of the Environment. 2nd Ed. London Black Stone Press Ltd.
Mackenzie, F.T. Mackenzie J.A., 1995. Our Changing Planet – An Introduction to Earth System Science and Global Environmental Change, Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall.
The World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, 1987.Oxford University Press.
GoP and IUCN. 1992. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (PNCS), Islamabad.
Draft Environmental Policy of Pakistan.

Course: Environment and Health

Course Code: ENV 371, Credit Hours: 3 (2 3), Pre-requisite: ENV 101

Objectives:

This course will enable the students to learn relationship between chemical, physical and biological factors in the environment and the health of human populations.
Upon completion of this course each student will have a basic understanding of the environmental processes that affect human health, and current and future environmental concerns from a consumer perspective.

Course Contents:
Introduction; concept, Basic requirements for a healthy environment, Measuring environmental quality, Human exposure and health Impact, Impact of environmental factors on health, Role of environmental health professional. Nature of environmental hazards, Risk assessment, Risk management, Air, Water and sanitation, Food and agriculture, Health and disease. Human settlement and urbanization, Health and energy use. Health and development, Health indicators, Industrial pollution and chemical safety, Trans-boundary and global health concerns, Action to protect health and the environment. Epidemiology of infectious diseases, Communicable diseases, Non-communicable diseases, Introduction to Immunology, Pathology, Epidemiology.

Recommended Literature
Yassi, A., Kjelllström, T., de Kok, T. and Guidotti, T. L., 2001. Basic Environmental Health. 1st ed. Oxford University Press New York, USA.
Nebel, B. J. and Wright, R. T., 1998. Environmental Science (The Way the World Works). 1st ed. Prentice Hall International Inc. London, UK.
Lippmann, M. Van Nostrand and Reinhold., 1992. Environmental Toxicants (Human Exposure and their Health Effects). 1st ed. New York, USA.
Park. K., 2002. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 2nd ed. M/S Banarsid
Khan, A. M., 2001. Medical Microbiology. 1st ed. Time Publishers Karachi, Pakistan
Kumar, A, 2004, ‘Environment and Health’, A. P. H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi

Course: Applied Ecology
Course code: ENV 382, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: ENV 101, ENV 281

Objectives:
This course will provide a link between theoretical ecology and applied conservation management. Developing an understanding of the spatial and temporal processes that govern population distribution and abundance will enable students to appreciate ecosystem functioning.

The course structure will allow students to make direct links between scientific research, the development of ecological theories and natural resource management. By providing a holistic overview of biotic and abiotic interactions students will appreciate the mechanisms and tools for evaluating ecosystem processes and be able to apply these principles to ‘real ‘ world problems.
The overall aim of the course is to make direct links between the principles of ecological theory and applied aspects of natural resource management.

Course Contents:

Introduction; Concept of applied ecology, Background and scope Principles of applied ecology, Basic concepts in applied ecology. Carbon-energy balance and climate change. Solar radiation and primary production, Energy resources for now and for future. Carbon dioxide and global climate change, Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on photosynthesis.
Ecological concepts in food production. Efficient use of resources in farming system, cutting of forests for agricultural purposes. Sustainable agricultural practices, Sustainable livestock management practices. Aquaculture practices.
Pollution control through Ecology. Basic concepts about pollutant transfer in plant and animals, Species response to pollutants. Using microcosms and mesocosms to study effects of pollutant on communities. Phyto-remediations and bioremediations.
Conservation and Management of Wild Species; Coexistence of species, Specie-area relationship. Influence of vegetation structure on animal diversity, Interaction between consumers and affect of specie abundance. Human influence on biodiversity extinction, Biodiversity conservation: aim and approach.

Recommended Literature
Newman I., 1993, Applied Ecology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Odum E.D., 1971, Fundamentals of Ecology, W.B. Saunders Company.

Course: GIS & Remote Sensing

Course code: ENV 402, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: GEO 361

Objectives:
Encompasses studies of:
Manual and digital processing of satellite imageries.
Geographic information system applications.
Techniques of photo geological mapping.

Course Outlines:
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing. Energy Sources, Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation and spectrum, Spectral reflectance of land covers. Remote Sensing system, Aerial Photography, Interpretation, Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries, Image Processing, Interpretation, Preparation of thematic maps.
Fundamentals of Geographic Information System (GIS), Data analysis and output, Organizational setup, evaluation and implementation; GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and Wildlife. Introduction to relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS.

Recommended Literature

Lulla, K and Dessinov, L.V., 2000. Dynamic Earth Environment Remote Sensing Observations from Shuttle Mission. John Wiley and Sons. Inc.
Rancez, A.Z., 1999. Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences. John Wiley and Sons. Inc.
Foody, G.M. and Curran, P.J., 1994. Environmental Remote Sensing from Regional to Global Scales. John Wiley and Sons. Inc.
Murai, S. (ed.), 1996. Remote Sensing Note, 2nd edition. Japan Association on Remote Sensing, Tokyo.
Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Luder D.R. Aerial Photographic Interpretation (latest edition).
Bernhardsen, T., 1992. Geographic Information Systems. Vivak IT Publishers, Norway.
Taylor, D.R.F., 1991. Geographic Information Systems, The Microcomputer and Modern Cartography. Pergamon Press, Toronto.

Course: Research Methodology in Environmental Science
Course Code: ENV 455, Credit Hours: 3 (3 0), Pre-requisite: None

Objectives:

The general objective is to provide the students at the under graduate level, with an opportunity to understand the role of scientific an systematic research in the advancement of human knowledge.. They will be able to determine appropriate use of data and statistical methods for problem identification and resolution, program planning, implementation and evaluation. Characteristics of assumptions and rationale behind the use of statistics offer thoughtful critique to studies in the research literature.

The students will be motivated to work for the development of a research culture in the educational institutions and Pakistani society in general

Course Contents:
Definition of research, deductive versus inductive approaches, classification of research by purpose, applied research, basic research, and action research, types of research, historical research, quantitative and qualitative research, experimental research, and causal comparative research
The hallmarks of scientific investigation, introduction, purposiveness and targeting, Rigor, testability, replicability, precision, confidence, objectivity and generalizability, parsimony, Limitations to scientific investigation
Research process, formulating the research problem, literature survey, developing the hypothesis, preparing the research design, data collection and execution of the project, data analysis, generalization and interpretation, Variables, types of variables, operationalization
Data collection in physical and social sciences, observation, questionnaires, personally administered and mail questionnaires, questionnaires design, contents, wording; open and pre-coded questions and question order, interviewing; structured and unstructured interviews, face to face and telephone interview, computer assisted interviews, experimental,
Data analysis and interpretation, coding and classification of information, content analysis, tabulation, statiscal analysis, interpretation of data
Report writing, format of research paper, bibliography and literature citation, presentation, ethics and role of research in the advancements of the knowledge, Ethics and role of research in the advancement of the knowledge

Recommended Literature

Best, J. W. and Khan James V.,’Research in Education’, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall of India Limited, New Dehli-110001, 1992
Farooq, R. A.,’ Understanding Research in Education’, 1st Edition, Majeed Book Depot, Lahore, Pakistan, 2001
Gay, L.R., ‘Educational Research’ 5th Edition, National Book Foundation Pakistan, 2001
Neuman, W. Lawrence,’Social research methods’, 3rd Edition, Widhaa Prakashan New Dehli, 1990
Moser, C. ‘Survey Methods in social investigation’, 2nd Editions, Longman, London and New York, 1994

Course: Occupational Health and Safety
Course Code: ENV 472, Credit Hours: 3 (3 0), Pre-requisite: ENV 171

Objectives:

Occupational Health provides an introduction to selected important topics in occupational health through lectures, readings, and class discussion. After completing this course, students will be able to do the following:

Understand the historical perspective and legislative framework which relate to work-related injuries and diseases
should be able to describe the key principles that underlie the application of environmental, biological, and medical assessments to prevent occupational injury and disease; specifically, how exposure assessment, industrial hygiene, biological monitoring, and medical surveillance assist in the evaluation and prevention of occupational injuries and illnesses occur
Evaluate and develop solutions for occupational health problems of an individual, a population, or a work environment
Identify, analyze, and explain the major hazards encountered in the workplace, and develop an initial approach to the prevention of illnesses and injuries associated with these hazards
Analyze the legal and regulatory issues surrounding an occupational health problem in the United States
Achieve a broad understanding of the complex environment in which the occupational health professional works
Achieve some familiarity with several topical areas in occupational health, including employee assistance programs, health promotion, new approaches to comprehensive health improvement, drug testing, and impairment and disability

Course Contents:
Introduction; concept, importance and principles of occupational health and safety, Historical Aspects of Occupational Health, Occupational health and safety legislation, Physical environmental stresses, Biological environmental stresses, Psychological environmental stresses, Significance of exposure limits in occupational hygiene Cost of accidents, Hazards and risks at work place and causes, Plant, Emergency response protocols, Spill response protocols, risk assessment approaches, Continuum of Exposure to Disease, Industrial Hygiene, Biologic Monitoring, Medical Surveillance, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Development and International Occupational Health Occupational Health and Safety Management System 18001, and mines safety and safe work practices; fire fighting techniques Occupational health and safety in Pakistan

Recommended Literature

Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems-Specification 18001, British Standards Institute
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems-Guidelines for Implementation 18002, British Standards Institute

Course: Applied Environmental Biotechnology
Course code: ENV 413, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: BIO 202

Objectives
To enable students to understand:
• The basic concepts of biotechnology process related with environment
• The basics of genetic modifications to improve environment
• The scope and application of biotechnology techniques in solving environmental
problems

Course outlines (theory)
Introduction to biotechnology in relation to the environmental issues; microorganisms and their importance in environment, DNA structure, function and its application, microbial growth and fermentation, batch and continuous fermentations; bioinstrumentation and computer control of fermentation processes; industrially important micro-organisms and biotechnological products; Water pollution and effluent treatment, Biotransformation, Bioleaching, Bioremediation, Biosensors, Biopharming, biodegradation of xenobiotic chemicals; ethanol and related fermentations; production of other chemicals of industrial importance; microbial metal leaching; biofertilizers and bio insecticides, phytoremediation; application of Biotechnology in various environments such as agricultural environment, industry, Biodiversity conservation and natural resource management

Practical
Experiments including physical nutritional aspect of microbial fermentations; aerobic and anaerobic, batch and continuous cultures; ethanol production; product recovery etc

Recommended Literature

Nathanson JA. Basic Environmental Technology, water and waste water management and pollution control, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, 2002
Mitchell et al (1995). Environmental Microbiology, Marcel Dekker, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall, New Delhi, India.
Attedge C. R and B. Kristiansen. 2001. Basic Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, U.K.
Cheremisinoff N, P. (1996). Biotechnology for Waste and Waste Water Treatment, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
Maier R. M. , I. L. Pepper and C. P. Gerba (Editor) Environmental Microbiology, Academic Press 2000
Burlage R. S. , R. Atlas, and D. Stahl, Techniques in Microbial Ecology, academic Press 2000
Staley J. T. , A. Reysenbach, Biodiversity of Microbial Life : Foundations of Earth's Biosphere (Wiley Series in Ecological and Applied Microbiology), Wiley-Liss; 2001

Course: Recombinant DNA Technology
Course Code: ENV 414, Credit Hours: 3 (2 3), Pre-requisite: ENV 371

Theory:

An outline of DNA cloning experiment, cloning vectors (plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, YAC vectors, BAC vector, Ti plasmids), shuttle and expression vectors; restriction enzymes; gene splicing, genomic and cDNA libraries, screening methods for gene libraries; Nucleic acid restrictions (RFLP) and gel blot analyses (Southern and Northern blotting); DNA amplification and PCR, chromosome mapping (genetic and physical maps), techniques in gene cloning; potentials of recombinant DNA technology; Transformation and transgenic organisms, In vitro culture techniques; callus culture. Cell suspension culture, protoplast culture. The scope of transgenic plants in plant breeding, transgenic organisms and gene therapies; gene therapies; RDNA and diagnostic techniques (e.g. cystic fibrosis); human genome project; stem cells and therapeutic cloning; social issues and considerations; Introduction to bioinformatics

Practical
DNA digestion, PCR, gel electrophoresis, Southern blotting; Cloning of DNA fragment
into plasmid

Recommended Literature

Brown, T. A. 2004. gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction (current Ed). Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
Brown, T. A. 2000. Essential Molecular Biology: A Practical Approach Vol 1 & 2. Oxford University Press. New York, USA
Loodish, H. 2004. Molecular Cell Biology. (5th Ed.), John Wiley & Sons, NY, USA
Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch and J. Sambrook, 1989. Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory
Manual. Cold. Spring Harbour, NY, USA Paul, C and K. Harry. 2004. Handbook of Plant Biotechnology. John Willy & Sons,

Course: Cell and Tissue Culture

Course Code: ENV 415, Credit Hours: 3 (2 3), Pre-requisite: ENV 202

Theory

History of plant tissue culture; different basic media and their components; totipotancy; callus culture; haploid production; organogenesis; embryogensis; somaclonal variation, in vitro multiplication, cell and protoplast culture; cryopreservation; germ plasm preservation. Plant genetic engineering; delivery system (electroparation, agrobacterim and particle gun); transgenic plant production and molecular analysis; GM crops and their assessment; biosafety guidelines; molecular markers and marker assisted selection

Practical:

Seed culture; embryo culture; anther culture, microspore culture for double, haploid, micro propagation by auxiliary buds; adventitious shoot proliferation; plant regeneration by organgenisis; somatic embryogenesis from callus culture; meristems culture for virus elimination; in vitro fertilization; protoplast isolation and culture; agrobacterium mediated transformation; ELISA to certify pathogen free plants.

Setlow J.K., Genetic Engineering: Principles and Methods. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2000
Nicholl D. S. T. An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, Cambridge University Press, 2002
Yount L. , Genetic Engineering, Gale Group, 2002

Razdan, M. K. (Ed) 2003. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. (2nd ed.) Intercept, New York, USA

Course: Landscape Designing
Course Code: ENV 414, Credit Hours: 3 (2 3), Pre-requisite: ENV 111

Theory
Fundamentals of Landscape and landscape designing, objects of landscaping, Classification of landscape plants, Growth habits, foliage and flowering effects, Propagation and maintenance of important landscape plants, Suitability of various plants for different purposes and locations, Principles, elements and types of landscape, Establishment and maintenance of lawn and turfs.

Practical

Comparative study of various landscape trees, shrubs and vines; Aesthetic study of stem, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits, Practice in the propagation of important landscape trees, shrubs, vines and palms, Visits to ornamental nurseries, parks and landscape areas.

Recommended Literature

Arora, J.S. 2003. Introductory Ornamental Horticulture (4th Ed.). Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
Carpenter, P.L., T.D Walker and F.A. Lanphear, 1975. Plants in the Landscape. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
Helber, A. 1981. Ornamental Garden Shrubs. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., London.
Raj, D. 2002. Floriculture and Landscaping. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
Ingels, J.E. 1992. Landscaping: Principles and Practices. Delmar Publishing Inc. New York.

Course: Geochemistry
Course code: ENV 425, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: ENV 131

Objectives:
Encompasses studies of:
General geochemistry.
Composition of meteorites.
Geochemical structure of the earth, rocks & classification of elements.
Geochemical anomalies.

Course Outlines:
Development of geochemistry as a discipline. Composition of meteorites. Origin and cosmic abundance of elements. Geochemical structure of the earth. Geochemical classification of elements. Polymorphism and pseudomorphism. Geochemical cycle; mobility and dispersion of elements under different geochemical environments. Introduction to geochemistry of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Geochemical anomalies and their application in mineral exploration.
Lab: Geo-chemical sampling and analytical techniques. Processing and interpretation of geo-chemical data.

Recommended Literature

Introduction to Geochemistry by Krauskopf, K.B., 1967, McGraw Hill Book Comp. New York.
Principles of Geochemistry by Mason. B., 1966, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration by Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.H. & Webb, J. S., 1983, Whitstable Litho Ltd., Kent, UK.
Inorganic Geochemistry by Henderson, 1982, Pergamon Press Ltd. England.
Geochemistry by Brownlow, A. H., 1996, Prentice Hall.

Course: Hydrogeology
Course code: ENV 434, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: ENV 131

Objectives:
Encompasses studies of:
Hydrologic cycle.
Groundwater & aquifer system and types.
Hydrologic properties of rocks and their measurements.
Fluctuation of groundwater levels, recharge and discharge.
Groundwater exploration.
Well hydraulics, tube well drilling techniques, designing, development and pumping tests.
Groundwater chemistry and quality analysis.
Groundwater resources of Pakistan.

Course Outlines:
The hydrologic cycle. Formation of aquifer system and types. Occurrence and movement of groundwater. Hydrologic properties of rocks and their measurements. Fluctuation of groundwater levels and causes. Recharge and discharge of ground water. Groundwater exploration by geologic, hydrogeologic, remote sensing and geophysical methods. Well hydraulics, tube well drilling techniques, designing, development and pumping tests. Groundwater chemistry and quality analysis. Groundwater resources of Pakistan. Salinity, water logging and causes of water table declination and deterioration of water quality.

Lab:Inventory and monitoring of groundwater. Preparation of water table and piezometric surface maps. Study and preparation of hydrogeologic maps. Graphical presentation of chemical analysis of groundwater. Field visits to drilling sites.

Recommended Books:
Field Hydrogeology by Brassington, R., 1988, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Groundwater Hydrology by D.K. Todd., 1995, John Wiley & Sons, London.
Groundwater Resource Evaluation by Walton, W.C., latest Ed., McGraw Hill.
Introduction to Groundwater by Micheal, P., 1985, George Allen & Unwin, London.
Applied Hydrogeology by Fetter, C.W., 1994, MacMillan Pub. Comp. New York.
Groundwater by Ragunath, H.M., 1992, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
Atlas of WAPDA

Course: Environmental Hazards / Geohazards and Natural Disasters
Course code: ENV 433, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: None

Objectives:
Encompasses studies of:
Flood control.
Types of landslides, their causes and remedial measures.
Study of case histories in Pakistan and abroad.
Snow avalanches, subsidence mechanism and related problems and earthquake hazards.

Course Outlines:
Flood control, information on river flooding and information. Effects on agro-economy, slope stability in hilly areas. Types of landslides. Their causes and remedial measures. Methods of analysis of slopes. Landslide inventory mapping, Information on landslides and their effects on socio-economic conditions. Study of case histories in Pakistan and abroad. Snow avalanches, subsidence mechanism and related problems and earthquake hazards.

Lab. III: Specific assignment/projects.

Recommended Books:
Environmental Geology by Montgomery, C. W., 1986, Wm.C. Brown Publishers, Iowa.
Geology and Hazardous Waste by Hussain, S. E., 1996, Printice Hall Inc.

Course: Earth Sciences Advance (General Geology)
Course code: ENV 431, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: GEO 101

Objectives:
Encompasses studies of:
Geology its importance and relationship with other sciences.
Earth its origin, age, composition and internal structure.
Minerals and rocks.
Moon, Earth's neighbors, meteorites, earthquakes and volcanoes.
Weathering and erosion and related land forms.
Sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic structures.
Folds, faults, joints, cleavage, foliation, lineation and unconformities.
Isostasy; Introduction to plate tectonics, mountain building.

Course Outlines:
Introduction and scope of geology its importance and relationship with other sciences. Earth as a member of the solar system; its origin, age, composition and internal structure. Introduction to minerals and rocks. Moon, Earth's neighbors, meteorites, earthquakes and volcanoes. Weathering and erosion and related land forms. Primary sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic structures. Introduction of folds, faults, joints, cleavage, foliation, lineation and unconformities. Isostasy; Introduction to plate tectonics, mountain building processes.

Lab: Study of relief features with the help of models and topographic maps. Simple geological maps and drawing of cross-sections. Use of field instruments viz, Brunton compass/clinometer.

Recommended Books:
Principles of physical geology by Holmes, A., latest Ed., Nelson.
Structural geology by Billings latest Ed., Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
Foundation of Structural Geology by Park, R.G.,1983, Blackie.
Elementary Exercises upon Geological maps by Platt, J.I., latest Ed., Thomas Murby & Co.
An introduction of geological structures and maps by Bennison, G.M., latest Ed., Edward Arnold.
Physical geology, international edition by Plummer, McGeay & Carlson, 2005.

Course: Water Resources Management
Course code: ENV 435, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: ENV 351

Objectives:
Encompasses studies of:

Hydrological Processes
Watershed, types and distribution of Precipitation.
Groundwater Flow and Water Exploration Techniques.
Flood and Drought Management.
Water Conservation and Harvesting.
Water Quality and Water Shed Management.
Water Flow Measurements & Hydraulics
Water Resources & Sustainable Development.

Course Outlines:
Hydrological Processes, Watershed, Types and Distribution of Precipitation, Water Losses, Flow in Stream, River, Estuaries, Lakes and Reservoirs. Groundwater Flow and Water Exploration Techniques. Flood and Drought Management, Water Conservation and Harvesting, Water Quality and Water Shed Management, Water Flow Measurements & Hydraulics; Sustainable Development.

Recommended Books:
1. Water Resource Engineering by Linsley MC Graw Hill
2. Hydrology for Engineers by Serrano & Environmental Professionals

Course: APPLIED MICROBIOLOY
Course code: ENV 412, Credit hours: 3 (3 2), Prerequisite: BIO 150, ENV 211

Objectives:

To provide information on a selection of important aspects of the involvement of microorganisms in industrial process and in the environment so as to show the current state of understanding and to review recent and likely future developments.

2. To develop students skills in the analysis and interpretation of experimental data and written information and in verbal and written communication.

Course Outlines
Fermentation technology. Oxygen transfer in fermenter. Instrumentation. Optimization of fermentations, physiological and genetic strategies. Production of primary metabolites. Production of secondary metabolites. Antibiotic production. Search and discovery of novel microbial secondary metabolites. Improvement of Existing Antibiotic Classes. Water pollution. Effluent treatment. Biodegradation of Synthetic Chemicals. Cyanobacteria and pollution. Microbiology of brewing. Nutrient Cycling and Microbial Metal Mining. Physiology of Nitrogen Fixation.

Books:
1. Laskin Allen and Bennett Joanw. Advances in Applied Microbiology.
Elsevier Science and Technology.

2. Biotransformation: Bioremediation Technology for Health and Environmental Protection. Elsevier Science and Technology.

3. Oladele Ogunseitan 2004. Microbial Diversity. Elsevier Science and Technology.
Course: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOREMEDIATION

Course Contents:
Methods for monitoring contaminant concentration and microbial populations in aqueous environments; mineralization, incomplete metabolism, and cometabolism; environmental factors and chemical/physical properties of pollutants affecting biodegradation kinetics; and extrapolation to bioremediation strategies.

Bioventing, Land farming, Bioreactor, Composting, Bioaugmentation And Biostimulation.
Biotransformation of toxic wastes to harmless product, Absorbents, Environmental Remediation,· Hydrocarbon Bioremediation , Conan the Bacterium ,"Engineered bacterium eats toxic waste" .Hazardous Waste Clean-up Information, Natural and Accelerated Bioremediation Research, Bioremediation, Biotechnology
Odor,Odor Control Oil Spill· Remediation· Treatment· Wastewater· Wastewater Treatment· Water
Allied Courses:

Code	Title	Credit	Pre-requisit
BIO 100	Fundamentals of Biology	3 (2 3)
BIO 110	Biology of Plants	3 (2 3)	BIO 100
BIO 141	Fundamentals of Molecular Biology	3 ( 2 3 )
BIO 150	Fundamentals of Microbiology	3 (2 3)	BIO 100
BIO 320	Fundamentals of Environmental and Bio-technology	4 ( 3 3)	BIO 141
CHM 105	Introduction to Chemical Sciences	3 (2 3)
CHM 325	Analytical Techniques	3 (2 3)
GEO 111	Earth Sciences - Basic	4 (3 3)
GEO 212	Soil Sciences	3 ( 2 3 )
GEO 361	Climatology	3 (3 0)
MTH 100	Mathematics I	3 (3 0)
MTH 161	Introduction to Statistics	3 (3 0)

Course: Fundamentals of Biology

Course code: BIO 101, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: None

Objectives:

The Fundamentals of Biology course is designed as to introduce student to the study of biology. This is the study of living organisms including physical and chemical properties of life, cellular organization and function.
Student will have an understanding of the Diversity, Heredity and Origin of life.
Throughout the semester students will be guided to develop their skills with the microscope, slide work in their practical work.
This course will lay the groundwork for further study in advanced biology.

Course Contents:
Introduction; Definition and concept of life. Chemical basis of life;
Structure and the basis of function, Chemical diversity, the molecules of life; carbohydrates, lipids, Proteins, Enzymes, Nucleic acids. Fundamental observations of heredity, the molecular basis of inheritance. Origin of life; historical background, concepts, evolutionary novelty.

Diversity in life (classification and phylogenetic relationships); overview with salient features of each category, possible course of evolution.

Books:

Campbell, N. A., 1998. Biology, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc. Menlo Park California, USA.
Mader, S., 1998. Biology, 1st ed. McGraw-Hill New York, USA.
Emiliani, C., 1997. Planet Earth (Cosmology, Geology and the Evolution of Life and Environment), 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press UK.
Sher Ahmad. 1988. A textbook of Botany.
Biology of plants (1991), Peter, H.R. Worth Publishers, Inc., New York.
Zafar Iqbal. 1994. College Botany. Kifayat Academy, Educational Publishers Karachi

Course: Biology of Plants
Course code: BIO 110, Credit hours: 3(2 3), Prerequisites: BIO 111

Objectives:

Students in Environmental Science are from diversified fields; therefore, the specific objective of this course is to give basic concepts to students about the detail structure of plants. Later on when the students will study the affects of pollution on different parts of plants, they will not feel difficulty. However, the main objectives are:
Plant biology, including the following concepts: basic plant characteristics, plant adaptations to terrestrial and vascular plant reproduction, growth, anatomy, and physiology;
To describe the major processes and mechanisms by which plants grow, develop, and supply various products, including energy and nutrition, needed by other organisms.

Course Contents:
Diversity in plant kingdom and other organisms: Introduction, Kingdom Eubacteria & Archaebacteria, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plant, Bryophytes, Pteriodophytes, Gymnosperms, Flowering plants.

Biodiversity of Plants in Pakistan, Terminology for the Desertion for the Plant Organs, (root, stem, leaf, flower, Inflorescence). PLANT ANATOMY: The tissues, Root, Stems, Leaves, Meristems, Secondary growth. Economic botany, medicinal Plants

Books:

Sher Ahmad. 1988. A textbook of Botany.
Biology of plants (1991), Peter, H.R. Worth Publishers, Inc., New York.

Zafar Iqbal. 1994. College Botany. Kifayat Academy, Educational Publishers

Course: Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
Course Code: BIO140, Credit Hours: 3 (2 3), Pre-requisite:

Objectives:
To enable students to understand:

Fundamentals of genetics and genetic material
Structure and functions of cell and nuclear material
Chromosomal and nucleic acid structure, functions and their manipulations
Gene, structure, and function

Course Contents
Introduction, concepts, and techniques; cell and chromosomes theory, Genetic material DNA as a carrier of genetic information; structure of DNA; forces stabilizing nucleic acid structures; supercoiled DNA; nucleic acids fractionation and sequencing; chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides; DNA polymerase; DNA replication, general aspects and enzymes involved; prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication mechanisms; mutagenesis and mechanism of DNA repair; recombination and mobile genetic elements; DNA methylation. RNAs and their role in protein synthesis; RNA polymerase and transcription; regulation of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; post transcriptional processing. structure of transfer RNA; prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal structure; translational processes and their control, protein synthesis inhibitors; post transnational modifications; The genetic code; protein targeting; protein degradation; nonribosomal polypeptide synthesis; structure and genomic organization, regulation of eukoryotic gene expression; cell differentiation; oncogenes and cancer.

Practical:
Introduction to aseptic techniques, autoclaving, sterilization, use of laminar flow and fume hoods, handling chemicals, glassware and lab equipments, storage and weighing of chemicals, safety measures in the laboratories, preparation of stock-solutions, adjusting the pH, making dilutions, Sterilization techniques; Preparation of nutrient media; In-vitro culturing; DNA Extraction and estimation, chromosomes analyses, PCR and gel electrophoresis.

Recommended Literature:

Alberts B and Johnson A; Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th Edition, Garland Sciences.
Karp, Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd Edition. 2002. John Wiley and Sons.
Twynmen M; Advanced Molecular Biology, 1999. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.
Griffiths, A. J.F.; David T. Suzuki, Richard C. Lewontin , William M. Gelbart. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 2001. Seventh Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company; 41 Madison Avenue, New York
Strickberger M.W., Genetics, Third Edition. Macmillan Publishing, N.Y. London, 1985

Course: Introductory Molecular Biology
Course code: BIO 141, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: None

Objectives:

To enable students to understand:

Fundamentals of genetics and genetic material
Structure and functions of cell and nuclear material
Chromosomal and nucleic acid structure, functions and their manipulations
Gene, structure, regulation and expression

Course Contents:

Chromosomes, Mandelian inheritance and DNA as a carrier of genetic information; double-helical structure of DNA; forces stabilizing nucleic acid structures; supercoiled DNA; nucleic acids fractionation and sequencing; chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides; DNA polymerase; DNA replication, general aspects and enzymes involved; prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication mechanisms; mutagenesis and mechanism of DNA repair; telomeres and aging; recombination and mobile genetic elements; DNA methylation. RNAs and their role in protein synthesis; RNA polymerase and transcription; regulation of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; post transcriptional processing. The genetic code; structure of transfer RNA; prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal structure; translational processes and their control, protein synthesis inhibitors; post transnational modifications; protein targeting; protein degradation; nonribosomal polypeptide synthesis; structure and genomic organization, regulation of eukoryotic gene expression; cell differentiation; oncogenes and cancer.

Books:
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, 4th Edition, Garland Sciences.
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, J. M. Walker and E.B. Gingold, 3rd Edition. 1993. Royal Chemistry Society.
Molecular Cell Biology, Lodish, Berk, Zipursky, 4th Edition. 2000. W. H. Freeman.
Cell and Molecular Biology, Karp, 3rd Edition. 2002. John Wiley and Sons.
Advanced Molecular Biology, M. Twynmen. 1999. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.
Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, Frederick M. Ausubel, 4th Edition. 1999. John Wiley & Sons. Karachi

Course: Fundamentals of Microbiology

Course code: BIO 150, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: BIO 100

Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:

Demonstrate and understanding of the characteristics of various micro-organisms, of their role in the environment, and of their influences on other organisms, including humans.
Analyse the development and physical characteristics of microorganisms, using appropriate laboratory equipment and techniques.

Explain the role of microorganisms with respect to human health and in technological applications in medicine, industry, and the environment.

Course Contents:
MICROBIAL WORLD: The Microbes in our lives, A brief history of microbiology, The diversity of microorganisms, Microbes and human welfare. Observing microorganisms through a microscope: Units of Measurements, Microscopy, Preparation of specimen for light microscopy, Preparing smears for staining. Functional anatomy of prokaryos: Prokaryotes, Cell size, shape, and appearance of bacterial cell, Structure external to cell wall, Cell wall, Structure internal to cell wall. MICROBIAL GROWTH: Requirement for growth, Culture media: chemically defined media, complex media, and anaerobic growth media. Special culture techniques, Selective & Differential media, obtaining pure culture, preserving bacterial culture, Growth of bacterial culture. CONTROL OF MICRBIAL GROWTH: Concept of bacterial growth, Growth curves, Conditions influencing microbial control, Action of microbial control agents, Physical methods of microbial control. Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, & Multicultural Parasites.

Books:

Purohit, 2001. Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications. Agrobios (India).
Tortora, G.J., Berdell, R. Funke. 1998. Microbiology: An Introduction. The Benjamin/Cummings. Publishing Copmany, Inc. NY.

Dubey, R.C., maheshwari, D.K. 2004. A Textbook of Microbiology. Ram Nagar, New Dehli.

Course: Fundamentals of Environmental and Bio-Technology
Course Code: BIO 320, Credit Hours: 4 (3 3), Pre-requisite: BIO 141

Objectives:
To enable students to understand
1. The basic principles of environmental technology and biotechnology
2. The mechanism and processes of technologies with special emphasis on biotechnology in life and environmental sciences
3. Application of the principles and procedure of various technologies and Biotechnology in various areas of life sciences

Course Outlines (Theory)
Biotechnology: an interdisciplinary pursuit, historical perspective and applications; Classical and modern Biotechnology; Nature of genetic material (Nucleic acid); Recombinant DNA technology, Plasmids; Cloning Vectors, gene cloning, PCR and its applications; Basics of genetic engineering and DNA transformation; introduction to Animal, plant, industrial and health Biotechnology (DNA finger printing and biodiversity, plant gene/genome mapping, In-vitro culture techniques, Plant cell and tissue culture, micro-propagation, somatic embryogenesis; somaclonal variation), Biotechnology for human welfare, Environmental Biotechnology (Water pollution and effluent treatment, Biotransformation, Bioleaching, Bioremediation, Biosensors, Bio-defenses, Biosafety and Bioethics in Biotechnology.
Environmental technology: Drinking water and wastewater treatment technologies, Solid and hazardous waste management: Air pollution, Global air pollution, Air pollution control, Noise pollution and control: The human ear, Effect of noise, Noise mitigation, Noise pollution control, New Research and development in air, water and wastewater treatment

PRACTICAL
Bacteriological culture media preparation, autoclave handling, inoculation and handling of bacterial cultures, minipreparation of DNA from bacterial culture, Simple and differential staining of bacteria and yeasts, DNA preparation from plant material.

Recommended Literature:

Bilgrami, K. S. and A. K. Pandey. 1992. Introduction to biotechnology. CBS Publishers & Distributers, New Delhi, India
Razdan, M. K. (Ed) 2003. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. 2nd Ed. Intercept, New York, USA
Paul, C and K. Harry. 2004. Handbook of Plant Biotechnology. John Willy & Sons, New York, USA
Metcalf & Eddy, 2003. wastewater engineering . Mc Grqw Hill 4th Edition
Verstraete W, 1998. Biltechnological process in environmental technology. Course notes Ghent University, Belgium.
H.C. Perkins. Air Pollution (latest edition). Mc Graw Hill

Course: Introduction to Chemical Sciences

Course Code: CHM 105, Credit Hours: 3 (2 3), Pre-requisite: None

Objectives:

This course emphasize on how the properties of a substance are put to use, and how chemical reactions affect us, for good or for bad.
The environmental, social and economic aspects of Chemistry are stressed- so that students would learn that acids and bases are not just found in Chemistry Laboratory……….but we use them in our homes and in our food.
Similarly it will also help them to understand that Fluorine and chlorine are not just reactive elements in the Periodic Table: Chlorine makes our drinking water safe and fluorine prevents tooth decay.

Course Contents:
Basics of chemistry, aqueous solution and concentration units. Vapor pressure, chemical equilibrium, solubility equilibrium and chemical kinetics, dissociation of water, thermo chemistry and electrochemistry, Weak acid base Equilibrium, alkalinity determination, water hardness: causes and effects and determination & removal of hardness. Precipitation titration, electromagnetic radiation, Redox Reactions, Electrode potentials, Ion Selective electrodes, Determination of DO, COD, BOD, Amino acids, Proteins and enzymes, Nucleic Aids: DNA and RNA. Nuclear chemistry.

Books:

Clair N. Sawyer, Perry L., McCarly & Geve F. Partern., 1994. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. McGraw Hill, Inc.
Harrison R. M., De Mora S. J., 1996, Introductory Chemistry for the Environmental Sciences, Cambridge Environmental Series No. 17, Macmillan Press Ltd.

Course: Analytical Techniques
Course code: CHM 325, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: None

Objectives:
To give a sound knowledge on the change of some chemical analysis & the fundamentals of some selected analytical methods & instruments.
To give a training on analytical applications of titrimetric and gravimetric analysis and to give a sound knowledge on the theory behind the analytical methods
To give a basic training on identification of anions and cations (qualitative analysis) in inorganic mixtures and to give a sound understanding of the theory behind the quantitative and qualitative analysis.
To give a training on elemental identification and functional group analysis of organic compounds.

Course Contents:
Solvent extraction, principles and types used, application, chromatography: paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, colorimetry, spectrophotometry, and atomic absorption spectrometry and flame photometry.
Inorganic analytical chemistry: standardization of different solutions, determination of dissolved oxygen by Winkler method, determination of total hardness and calcium hardness of water, determination of nitrogen content of fertilizer, determination of iodine and iodide in an aqueous solution, Acid-base, precipitation and redox titration: determination of the percentage of CO32- and OH- ions, standardization of HCl using standard borax, standardization of NaOH using standard borax, determination of the percentage of metals in a given salt
Test for anions and cations, Preliminary investigation, detection of element present (flame test, beilstein test for halogens, test for N, X, P and S), characterization of the groups (such as aliphatic alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, ester, phenol, alkene, amine, ammonium salt and amide and aromatic nitro compound).
Determination of sulphate as barium sulphate, determination of manganese as manganese ammonium phosphate, determination of calcium as calcium oxalate, determination of nickel(II) sulphate and determination of nickel, determination of aluminum as the 8-hytroxiyquinolate with precipitation from homogeneous solution, determination of chromium as lead chromate.

Books:

Dick J.G., Analytical chemistry, Mc Grow-Hill Kogakusha Ltd.
Skoog A, West, Holler, Fundamentals of analytical chemistry, Saunders collage publishing.
Khopkar S.M. Basic concepts of analytical chemistry, Wiley eastern Limited.
Jeflery G. H and Bassert. J, Vogel’s textbook of Quantitative chemical analysis, (1939), ELBS and Longman, London.
Srivastava A. K and Jain P, Chemical analysis: An instrumental approach, (1997), New Delhi S. Chand & Co. Ltd.
Browning & Joseph, Practical chemistry, (1957), 13th edition, The Colombo apothecaries’ co. Ltd.
Schenk G. H, Hahn R. B. Hartkopf A. V, Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, (1981), 2nd edition, Aclyn & Bacon, INC.
Norman R. O. C & Waddington D.J. Modern organic chemistry, (1983), 4th edition, English language book society, Bell& Hyman.
Schenk H. & Hahn B, Introduction to analytical chemistry, (1977), Allyn & Bacon, America

Course: Earth Sciences

Course code: GEO 111, Credit hours: 4 (3 3), Prerequisite: None

Objectives:

To give the student an understanding of earth sciences.
Terrestrial systems, geography geology & meteorology.
Management of natural resources.
Global climatic changes.
Hazards: floods, landslides, earthquakes, volcanoes, glaciers and shoreline processes.
Environmental impacts of mining, dams, reservoirs, highways, their impact assessment. Cleaner sources of energy.
Industrial pollution, waste disposal, groundwater contaminations, river lake and marine pollution and their impact on human health.
Geology and Earth Sciences with special reference to Pakistan.

Course Outlines:
Earth, its environment and resources. Atmosphere: Composition and structure of the atmosphere, the layered atmosphere, solar radiation and energy balance in the atmosphere. Air pressures, solar radiation and ozone layer, green house effect and global warming. Hydrosphere, physical properties of water, atmospheric humidity condensation, freezing and deposition, cloud formation process, precipitation and fog, global distribution of precipitation.

Environmental geology. Management of natural resources. Environmental controls for erosion, desertification and coastal degradation. Geological hazards such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, volcanoes, glaciers and shoreline processes, their remedial measures. Environmental impact of mining, dams, reservoirs, highways, their assessment and controls. Cleaner sources of energy. Industrial pollution, waste disposal, groundwater contaminations, river lake and marine pollution and their impact on human health. Geological aspects of human health. Trace elements and health hazards. Geology and Earth Sciences with special reference to Pakistan.

Practical work & Laboratory: Sampling and analysis of air, water, soil and rocks.

Recommended Books:

Applied Chemical Groundwater Hydrology by Mazore, E., 1988, McGill.
Earthquake Risk & Damage by Liu, B. C., 1981, Westview.
Environmental Geology by Keller, E. A., 1979, Merril.
Environmental Geology by Montgomery, C., 1985 , J. Wiley.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Glencoe Earth Science, 1997 edition.
Montgomery C.W., 1995. Environmental Geology.
Keller E., 1992. Environmental Geology. McMillan, New York

Course: Introduction to Statistics

Course code: MTH 161, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: None

Introduction to business statistics, Frequency Distributions & Representation of business data, Measure of Central tendency, Measures of Dispersion with business applications, properties of mean and variance, Empirical relation between mean and standard deviation, Probability theory, Counting Rules , Conditional Probability, Concept of Discrete and Continuous Random variable, Cumulative distributions, Binomial and, Poisson, & Geometric Distributions, Uniform & Normal Distribution, Simple linear Regression and fitting of Curves. Correlation study. Forecasting techniques: Time series analysis, Index Numbers. SPSS

Textbooks:
1) Statistics FOR Management 7th Edition Levin, Rubin

S Statistics for Business and Economics 8th Edition Anderson, Sweeney & William
Introduction to statistical theory I-II Prof. Sher Muhammad Chaudhery Dr. Shahid Kamal

Course: Soil Sciences
Course code: GEO 212, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: None

Objectives:
Encompasses studies of:
Definition of earth, soil, land and soil science, disciplines.
Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere, soil forming rocks and minerals: Weathering of rocks and minerals and processes, parent materials: residual, alluvial, aeolian, glacial and colluvial soil formation.
Processes and factors affecting, soil profile and its description, soil development processes, physical properties of soil.

Course Outlines:
Introduction to soil, definition of earth, soil, land and soil science, disciplines: soil chemistry, soil survey, soil genesis, soil morphology, soil classification, soil conservation, soil fertility, soil microbiology, soil mineralogy, soil physics and soil salinity, major parts of earth: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere, soil forming rocks and minerals: types and their formation, weathering of rocks and minerals: agents and processes, parent materials: residual, alluvial, aeolian, glacial and colluvial, soil formation: processes and factors affecting, soil profile and its description, soil development processes, physical properties of soil: texture, structure, density, consistence, color, temperature, porosity, aeration and soil water, introduction to soil classification and land use capability classes.
Practicals:
1. Identification of rocks and minerals
2. Method of soil sampling, preparation and labeling
3. Preparation of saturated soil paste
4. Determination of saturation water percentage by oven-drying
5. Analysis of irrigation water and report writing
6. Determination of bulk density

Recommended Books:

Bashir, E. and R. Bantel. 2001. Soil Science. National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
Brady, N.C. and R.R. Weil. 2002. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 13th ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
Foth, H.D. 1990. Fundamentals of Soil Science. 8th ed. John Wiley and Sons, NY, USA.
Dane, J.H., and Topp, G.C., eds., 2002, Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4, Physical
Methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. No. 5. Madison, WI, USA.
Miller, R.W. and R.L. Donahue. 1990. Soils-An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth.6th ed. Prentice - Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.
Singer, M.J. and D.N. Munns. 1996. Soils- An Introduction. 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
Ryan, J., G. Estefan and A. Rashid. 2001. Soil and Plant Analysis. Laboratory Manual, International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas. Aleppo, Syria.

Courses: Institutional Requirement

Code	Title	Credit	Pre-requisit
CSC 101	Introduction to Computing	3 (2 3)
HUM 100	English Comprehension & Composition	3 (3 0)
HUM 102	Report Writing Skills	3 (3 0)
HUM 103	Communication Skills	3 (3 0)
HUM 110	Islamic Studies	3 (3 0)
HUM 111	Pakistan Studies	3 (3 0)
HUM 220	Introduction to Psychology	3 (3 0)
HUM 430	French	3 (3 0)

Course: Introduction to Computing Skills
Course code: CSC 101, Credit hours: 3 (2 3), Prerequisite: None

Objectives:
This is very basic course but it has very important role about the computer basics know how. This course will able the student to learn practically about basic application which later they can use in their work. They will able to:
Draft there documents/thesis
Trouble shoots their PC
Make their static html pages
Know theoretically about networking.

Course Contents:
Types and classification of computers. Hardware; Input Hardware, Storage Hardware; Processing Hardware, Output Hardware. Software; Application Software, System Software, Software Packages. Operating System (Windows), Internet, email; Local Area Network, Wide Area Network, Configurations. Introduction to Ms-Word, Ms-Excel, Ms-PowerPoint, MS Access.

Books:

Long L., Long N., Fundamentals of Computer, 6th ed.,
Courter G., Marquis A., 1999, Microsoft Office 2000, BPB Publications,
Reference Books: Introduction to computers (Peter Norton)Course: Mathematics I

Course: English Comprehension and Composition

Course code: HUM 100, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Pre-requisite: None

The course will help students in developing the competencies to understand English and express themselves effectively in the same language both in writing and speaking. This course is designed to improve students’ abilities to paraphrase, summarize, and synthesize and to correctly and effectively express them. Students learn to write more effectively through a variety of assignments that highlight the writing and revision process, effective sentence formation, paragraph development, and the format of essays. This course will emphasize the use of correct grammar, spelling, punctuation, and mechanics. Students will be required to apply these skills to all writing assignments.

Course: Report Writing
Course code: HUM 102, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: None
This course has been specifically designed to meet the writing needs of students aiming for a specialization in arras of Management. The aims and objectives of thesis particular course are to introduce course participants the importance, needs, varieties, and technicalities of business reports. Aspects of written business reports such as organization, contents, impact, and style will be highlighted. Students will aim for proficiency in writing letters, memos, messages, resumes and applications etc. Students will learn basic writing techniques such as: how to use an active voice, how to apply the 7 C,s of writing, how to avoid using jargon or offensive phrases and how to write with a YOU attitude. They will also learn about the proper formats for letters, memos and proposals. By the end of this course, students will be able to write clear, concise business correspondence with style and confidence.

Course: Communication Skills
Course code: HUM 103, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: None
Principles of writing good English, understanding the composition process: writing clearly: words, sentences and paragraphs. Comprehension and expression. Use of grammar and punctuation. Process of writing, observing, audience collecting, composing, drafting and revising, persuasive writing, reading skills, listening skills and comprehension, skill for taking notes in class, skills for exams. Business communications; planning messages, writing concise but with impact. Letter formats, mechanics of business, letter writing, letters memo and applications, summaries, proposals, writing resumes, styles and formats, oral communications, verbal and non-verbal communication, conducting meetings, small group communication, taking minutes. Presentation skills; presentation strategies, defining the objectives, scope and audience of the presentation, material gathering, material organization strategies, time management, opening and concluding, use of audio-visual aids, delivery and presentation.

Course: Islamic Studies
Course code: HUM 110, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: None
The subject introduces Islamic though in comparison with other major world religions. The topics included are beliefs and actions: Islam and other world religions, basic sources of teaching, obligations towards God, self and others, and Islamic teachings of collectivity.

Course: Pakistan Studies
Course code: HUM 111, Credit hours: 3 (3 0), Prerequisite: None
Pakistan is our legitimacy and recognition. Until and unless, every Pakistani has a good measure of knowledge about Pakistan, it would be impossible to achieve our national goals. This course, Pakistan Studies, aims at, to strengthen the passion of nationalism in younger generation, to make the students familiar with their responsibilities in the process of nation building, to make them know the political system of the country and major problems, it is facing and to make them aware of about the system of global politics and role of Pakistan in fast changing world.

Course: Introduction to Psychology
Course code: HUM 220, Credit hours: 3 (3 0) Prerequisite: None
It is a study of the theories of human behavior, the psychological basis of behavior, the concept of mental health and processes of adjustment. The course providing a concept of psychological aspects at work factors improving efficiency at work, human aspects at work and factors determining satisfaction at work with emphasis on the anatomy of the modern company and the working environment.

Course: Climatology

Course code: GEO 361, Credit hours: 3 (3 0) , Prerequisite: None

Objectives:
The Atmospheric Sciences, Climatology: A brief History, The Content of Climatology, Atmospheric Variables and Data Acquisition, The Standard Atmosphere, Vertical Structure of the Earth Atmosphere, The Energy Balance, The Nature of Radiation: The Solar Source, the Atmosphere and Solar, Radiation, The Planetary Energy Budget, The Earth Surface and Solar Energy, The Steady-State System, Atmospheric Temperatures, the Seasons
Daily Temperature Changes, Seasonal Lag and Extreme Temperatures, Factors Influencing the Vertical Distribution of Temperature, Factor Influencing the Horizontal Distribution of Temperature, Temperatures over the Earths Surface. Moisture in the Atmosphere, Changes of State, the Hydrologic Cycle
Relative Humidity, Evaporation and Transpiration, Condensation near the Ground: Dew, Mist, and Fog, Foggy Places, Condensation above the surface: Clouds, Cloud forms and Classification, Vertical motion in the Atmosphere
Regional variation in precipitation, Variation in precipitation through time
Water balance, Motion in the Atmosphere, Atmospheric pressure, Factors influencing air motion, The resulting patterns, Periodic local Winds, Strength and depiction of winds, Global Circulation of the Atmosphere, The general circulation, Tropical circulation, Mid-latitude circulation, Polar circulation, Seasonal changes in the global pattern, Oceans and Interannual Variation in Climate, Ocean currents, The walker circulation of the equatorial, Pacific ocean,
Synoptic climate studies, Satellite climatology, The nature and Hazard of Atmospheric Extreme Events, Tropical cyclones, Thunderstorms
Regional Climate: Scale of Study, Tropical Climates, Radiation and temperature,

Programs Offered

Bachelor of science in environmental Sciences

Program at Glance
Admission Requirement
Career Opportunity
Scheme of Study

CIIT-ATD