CIIT-ATD

Recommended Books

• -	Chaterjea M N (2003), Medical Biochemistry, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, India.
  -	Murray R,  Daryl  K,  Granner,  Mayes PA ,  Rodwell VW (2000), Harper’s Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange, Lange Medical Publications, NewYork, USA.
  -	Lehninger AL (1993), Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publisher, Delhi, India.
  -	Stryer L (2002), Biochemistry, W H Freeman and Company.
  -	Champe PC, Harvey RA, Illustrated  Biochemistry,  J Lippincot Company.
  -	Harper’s Biochemistry (1996), Print-Hall, New Jersey, USA.
  -	Rafiq M, Biochemistry (1st Ed.), The Carvan Book House, Lahore, Pakistan.
  -	Conn and Stumpf (eds) (1999), Outlines of Biochemistry (5th Ed.), John
  -	Willey & Sons, New York, USA.
  -	Lehninger, Biochemistry, Worth Publishers Co, New York, USA.
  -	Ahmed M (1991), Essentials of Medical Biochemistry, Merit Pub, Fasilabad, Pakistan.
  -	West ES, Todd RW, Van Bruggen TJ (1996), Text Book of Biochemistry, The MacMillan Co.

PHM 102   PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-II (Organic-II)
(Theory)     Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

PHM 106   PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-II  
(Theory)    Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The main objectives of teaching this course to pharmacy students include acquiring knowledge in the field of living organisms’ functions on the basis of their molecular structure and metabolism. This would help the students to understand the mechanisms of activity and metabolism of drugs, biotechnological methods in drug discovery, biosynthesis, analysis and therapy, and differentiation of normal and pathological states of human being.

1. Metabolic fate of Biomolecules (Anabolism and Catabolism)

2. Regulation of Metabolic Processes

Role of Vitamins: Physiological role of Fat-soluble (A, D, E and K)  and  Water-soluble (Thiamin,  Riboflavin,  Pantothenic  acid, Niacin, Pyridoxal phosphate, Biotin Folic acid, Cyanocobalamin -          members of B-complex family - and Ascorbic acid), Coenzymes and their role in the regulation of metabolic processes.

PHM 108   PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-II
(Laboratory)      Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)

Course Objectives:

The objectives of this laboratory course are to demonstrate some of the materials included in the course lectures and to teach the students practically about qualitative and quantitative identification of contents of human biological fluids, establishing the levels of different species, in relation to the pathology of a disease, enabling the students to evaluate the anomalies. Moreover, they will be given the opportunity to familiarize themselves with instruments in a biochemical lab, their utilization and interpretation of the results originating from those equipments.

Course Contents:

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
requirements, e.g. Quantitative analysis of: Carbohydrates - Glucose
(reducing  sugar)  and  any  other  carbohydrate  using  Benedict  and
Anthrone method. Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins using Biuret
and Ninhydrin (Spectrophotometric) method. Analysis of normal and
abnormal components of Urine including Sugar, Uric acid, Bilirubin,
Cholesterol and Creatinine.

Recommended Books

1. Chaterjea M N (2003), Medical Biochemistry, Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
2.  Murray R,  Daryl  K,  Granner,  Mayes PA ,  Rodwell VW (2000),
Harper’s Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange, Lange Medical Publications,
NewYork, USA.
3.  Lehninger AL (1993), Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publisher, Delhi, India.
4.  Stryer L (2002), Biochemistry, W H Freeman and Company.
5. Champe PC, Harvey RA, Illustrated  Biochemistry,  J Lippincot Company.
6.  Harper’s Biochemistry (1996), Print-Hall, New Jersey, USA.
7.  Rafiq M, Biochemistry (1st Ed.), The Carvan Book House, Lahore, Pakistan.
8.  Montogomary (1996), Clinical Chemistry, The C V Mosby Company.
9. Conn and Stumpf (eds) (1999), Outlines of Biochemistry (5th Ed.), John
Willey & Sons, New York, USA.
10. Lehninger, Biochemistry, Worth Publishers Co, New York, USA.
11. Ahmed M (1991), Essentials of Medical Biochemistry, Merit Pub,
Fasilabad, Pakistan.
12. West ES, Todd RW, Van Bruggen TJ (1996), Text Book of Biochemistry, The MacMillan Co.

PHM 110   PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-II)
(Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:

Course Outline:

1.  DISPERSED SYSTEM:
Colloids: Types, methods of preparation, properties (optional, kinetic, electrical) Dialysis and artificial kidney, stability of colloids, protection and sensitization phenomenon and application of colloids in Pharmacy.
(b) Emulsions: Types, theories of emulsification. Emulsifying agents, their classification and stability of emulsion.
(c) Suspensions:  Type, Methods of Preparation, Properties, Suspending agents, their classification and stability.
(d) Adsorption Techniques:  Adsorption techniques and processes of adsorption in detail.

2.  RHEOLOGY:
(a) Definition and Fundamental concept.
(b) Properties contributing to rheological behaviour. (c) Graphic presentation of rheological data.
3.  RATE and ORDER OF REACTIONS.

4. KINETIC  PRINCIPLES  AND  STABILITY  TESTING:  THEORETIC CONSIDERATIONS: Degradation:
(a) Physical Factors: Influence of pH, temperature, ionic strength, acid-base catalysis, U.V. light.
(b) Chemical Factors: Complex chemical reactions. Oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis.

PHM 112   PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-II)
(Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This lab. course will enable the students to develop skills and techniques that are parts of pharmaceutical procedures through the actual use of equipment and instruments. The students after completing this course will be able to demonstrate the effect of the physico-chemical properties phenomena on pharmaceutical systems.
Course Contents:

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the facilities, e.g. Determination of Emulsion systems. Determination of %age   composition   of   solutions   by   specific   gravity   method. Determination of Partition-coefficient, surface tension, viscosity.

1. Martin (1994), Physical Pharmacy (4th Ed)., B I Waverly PVT, Delhi, India.
2. Cooper and Gunns (1986), Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, India.
3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutics (1996), All India Traveler Book Seller, New Delhi, India.
4.  Martin P, Bustamante P, Chun AHC (1999), Physical & Chemical Principles of  Pharmaceutical Science (4th Ed.), New York, USA.
5. Martin AMN, Banker GS, Chun AHC (1985), Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Academic Press, London, UK.
6. Mill CC, Casson N (1975), Rehology of dispress systems, Pergamon Press, New York, USA.
7.  Rienger M, Scott-Blair GW (1990), Rehology, Academic Press, London, UK.
8.  Barry BW (1990), Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic Press, London, UK.
9.  Sherman P (1972), Emulsion Science, Academic Press, London, UK.
10. Martin A, Swarbrick J, Cammatra A (1983), Physical Pharmacy (3rd Ed.), Lee & Febiger Pub., Philadelphia, USA.
11. Attwood D, Flocence AT (1982), Surfactant Systems, Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, UK.

Course Objectives
In Physiology part of this paper students will be taught the general principles of functions of human body with emphasis on basic physiological consideration of different systems of human body. Functional study of different organs and their inter-relationship and basic histological study of human cells and different organs is another important objective.
The Histology part of this course will help to make students learn about different tissues in the human body and give comprehensive account of their morphology. Furthermore, it will enable the students to learn different histological terms and concepts.

1.  PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE AND MUSCLE: Chemical change in Muscle on contraction. Action Potential.

2.  NERVOUS   SYSTEM:   Spinal   reflexes.   Reflex   regulation   of movement   and   posture.   Cerbral   cortex   functions.   Voluntary movements.  Descending  tracts  of  spinal  cord.  Basal Cerbellum.  Autonomic Nervous system. Thalamus. CFS.
3.  SKIN: Structure, Functions of skin, Temperature regulation by Skin.

4. SPECIAL SENSE: Elementary knowledge of structure and function
of the special senses.
5. ENDOCRINOLOGY:  Definition  of  Hormone.  Nature  of  different types of hormone. Mechanism of action of hormone.
(a) Pituitary hormones: Growth Hormone, Prolactin, ACTH, TSH, ADH, Oxytocin. Acromegaly, Giantism, PanHypopituitrism.
(b) Thyriod Gland: Thyroxin, Tri-iodothyronin, Format and functions of thyroid hormones. Hyperthroidism, Myxodema.
(c) Para thyriod Hormone:
(d)  Pancreatic Hormone: Insulin, Glucagon, Diabetes mellitis.
(e)  Adrenal Glands:  Mineralocorticoids,  Glucocorticoids,  Anabolic Steroids, Adrenalin, Nor-adrenalin, Cushing syndrome,  Addison disease.
(f) Sex  Hormones:  Female  Sex  Hormone:  Structure  and  function. Male  Development  of  secondary  sex  characteristics,  spermato-genesis. Composition of semen. Female Development of secondary characters.       Menstruation, (Ovariancycle). Oogenesis. (Dysmanorrhea, etc.).

1.  Skin: Types of skin, Derivatives of skin including Nail, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and Hair follicles.
2.  Lymphoid Tissue:  General structure of Lymphoid organs:  Lymph node, spleen, palatine tonsil and thymus.
3.  Excretory system including Kidney, Ureter, and Urinary bladder.
4. Reproductive system:  Male  reproductive  organs, (Testes,  Genital
tract). Female reproductive organs, (Ovary, and female genital tract).
5.  Endocrine  system:  Pituitary  gland,  Adrenal  gland,  Thyroid  gland, Parathyroid gland, Endocrine part of pancreas.

PHM 116   PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-II
(Laboratory)  Cr. Hr. 1(0,1)

Course Objectives:

Histology lab work will make students learn the microscopic anatomy of tissues and organs of the human body and the relationship between their structure and function.

Course Outline:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time onthe basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the facilities.

Physiology
1.  Eye:  Visual  activity,  far  vision  and  near  vision.  Field  of  vision (Perimetry).
2.  CNS: Nerve Muscle Preparation in frog. Effect of Temperature on muscle. Demonstration of spinal reflexes.

Histology
Demosntration of preparation and staining of slides. Histological examination of slides. Organ system - Skin, Spleen, Tonsil, thymus, Reproductive system, Endocrine system, etc.

Recommended Books
Physiology
1. Guyton AC (1996),  Text  Books  of  Medical  Physiology (9th Ed.),  WB Saunders Company.
2. Ganong WF (1995),  Review  of  Medical  Physiology (17th Ed.),  Prentice  Hgall International Inc, USA.
3. Chatterjee CC (1994), Human Physiology, Medical Allied Agency, India.
4.  Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology. Revised by Cyril A Keele and Eric Neil.
5.  Spence  AP, Mason  EB,  Human  Anatomy  and  Physiology (3rd Ed.),
Beajamin/Cumming Publishing Inc, Clifornia, USA.
6.  Snell RS (1992), Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students, Litle Brown & CoInc USA.

Histology
1.  Bradbury S (1984), Hewer’s Text Book of Histology, ELBS, London, UK.
2.  Reference Book: Tissues of the body by Legros Clerks. Publisher Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London, UK.
3.  Cormack HD (1993), Essential Histology, J B Lippincott Co Philadelphia, USA.
4. Hammersen F (1985), Histology; color Atlas Of Microscopic Anatomy, Lee & Febijer Co, Pennsylvania, USA..

PHM 118    BIOSTATISTICS                              (Theory)   
Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:

This course will develop the basic understanding of statistical approach, among the students, which plays a key role in various aspects of research on drugs. The bioassay in drug development is to measure the potency of some new compounds relative to some standard drugs in terms of the magnitude of their effects. Statistics is used to test as many assumptions involved in the assay. Statistics is also required to design the clinical trials to obtain pharmaceutical information of any drug. The statistical approach is also used to estimate parameters. Statistics also helps in documenting the results of a study. The statistical approach is required for screening of compounds for clinically active drugs. The knowledge of statistics is also required for the study of the dose response relationship.

Course Outline

1. DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICS: Descriptive Statistics: What is Statistics?
Importance of Statistics. What is Biostatistics? Application of Statistics in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. How samples are selected?
2.  ORGANIZING  and  DISPLAYING  DATA:  Vriables,  Quantitative  and Qualitative Variables, Univariate Data, Bivariate Data, Random Variables, Frequency Table, Diagrams, Pictograms, Simple Bar Charts, Multiple Bar Charts, Histograms.
3. SUNNARIZING DATA and VARIATION: The Mean, The Median, The Mode,  The  Mean  Deviatiobn,  The  Variance  and  Standard  Deviation, Coefficient of Variation.
4.  CURVE FITTING: Fitting a Straight Line. Fitting of Parabolic or High
Degree Curve.
5.  PROBABILITY:  Definitions,  Probability  Rules,Probability  Distributions
(Binomial & Normal Distributions).
6. SIMPLE  REGRESSION  AND  COORELATION:  Introduction.  Simple Linear Regression Model. Correlation co-efficient.
7. TEST OF HYPOTHESIS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Statistical Hypothesis. Level  of  Significance.  Test  of  Significance.  Confidence  Intervals, Test involving Binomial and Normal Distributions.
8. STUDENT  “t”,  “F”  and  Chi-Square  Distributions:  Test  of  Significance based on “t”, “F” and Square Distributions.
9. ANALYSIS   OF   VARIANCE:   One-way   Classification,   Two-way Classification, Partitioning of Sum of Squares and Degrees of Freedom, Multiple  Ccompression  Tests  such  as  LSD,  The  analysis  of Variance Models.

Recommended Books
1.  Daniel WW (1983),  Bio-Statistics,  Foundation  for  Analysis  in  Health Science (3rd Ed.).
2.  Zar J H, Bio-Statistical analysis, Francis Hall, N J, USA.
3.  Nilton JS, Tsokos JD (1983), Statistical Methods in Biological and Health Sciences, McGrew-Hill.
4.  Chaudhry SA, Kamal S (1996), Introduction to Statistical Theory, Part-I and Part-II, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore, Pakistan.
5.  Samuels M (1991), Statistics for the life sciences, Dellen Pub Co, S F, USA.
6.  Walpole RE (1982), Introdution to Statistics, Macmillam Pub Co, N Y, USA.

THIRD SEMESTER

PHM 201   PHARMACEUTICS-III (Pharmaceutical Preparations-I)
(Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to expose pharmacy students to understand the concept of different dosage forms used in pharmacy practice. The students will also be able to learn about the use of different ingredients, their small and large scale preparation, and their role in the community pharmacy practices.   

Course Outline:
1.   Introduction: Dosage form. Ingredients
2.   Pharmaceutical Calculations: Some Fundamentals of Measurements and
Calculations. The Metric System. The Common Systems. Conversions.
Calculation  of  Doses.  Reducing  and  Enlarging  Formulas.  Density,
Specific Gravity & Specific Volume. Weights and Volumes of Liquids.
Percentage  Preparations.  Isotonic  Solutions.  HLB  Values.  Industrial
Calculations. Some calculations involving Hydrogen-ion concentration.
3.   Galenical Preparations: Infusions. Decoctions. Extracts. Fluid extracts.
Tinctures. Aromatic Waters.
4.   Extraction  Processes:  Maceration:  Purpose  and  process.  Percolation:
Purpose and Process. Liquid-Liquid extraction. Large scale extraction.
5.   Solvents used in Pharmaceutical Preparations.
6.   Oral  Solutions,  Syrups,  Elixirs  and  Spirits:  Solutions  and  their
preparation,  dry  mixtures  for  solution,  oral  rehydrate  solutions,  oral
colonic leverage solution. Syrup: components and preparation of Syrups.
Elixirs: Preparation of elixirs, medicated and non-medicated elixirs.
7.   Oral Suspensions, Emulsions, Magma and Gels: Preparations, Examples,
and Importance.

PHM 203       PHARMACEUTICS-III (Pharmaceutical Preparations-I)
(Laboratory)  Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This laboratory course will help to teach students practically about  pharmaceutical preparations and different dosage forms used in pharmacy practice. It will also enhance their understanding small and large scale preparation, formulation of different dosage forms, and their role in the practice of community pharmacy.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities,  e.g.  Prepartion  of  simple  syrup,  Orange  syrup,  Ferrous
sulphate syrup, Cod Liver oil Emulsion, Liquid paraffin Emulsion,
Throat paint  (Mandle’s paint), Boroglycerine glycerite, Tannic acid
glycerine, Spirit ammonia aromatic, Spirit of Ethyl nitrite.
(A minimum of 10n practicals will be conducted).

Recommended Books
1. Aulton ME (1998), Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London,
UK.
2.  Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics (1986), CBS Publishers & Distributors, New
Delhi, India.
3.  Pharmaceutics,  the  Science  of  Dosage  Form  Design,  2nd  Ed., (2002),
HawCourt Publisher.
4. Rawlins EA (1977), Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics (8th edi.),
Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, New York, USA.
5.  Sprowl’s    (Dittert  L  W,  Eds.) (1990),  American  Pharmacy (7th  Ed.),  J  B
Lippincott Co.

PHM 205     PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-I (General-I)
                                                                               (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
This course will help to develop among students the basic understanding of the subject of Pharmacology. Students will be able to know that pharmacologically, drugs and or chemicals are studied from two main aspects; pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and trying to explore that how a drug acts. In its entirety, pharmacology embraces knowledge of the sources, chemical properties, biological effects and therapeutic uses of drugs. Pharmacological studies will range from those that examine the effects of chemical agents on subcellular mechanisms, to those that deal the treatment and prevention of diseases with drug therapy and with the potential hazards of toxic substances. Pharmacologists also use molecular modeling and computerized design as drug discovery tools to understand cell function. New pharmacological areas include the genomic and proteomic approaches for therapeutic treatments.
Course Contents:
1.  GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

(a) Introduction: History, Pharmacology and its classification and Drugs
and their sources
(b) Routes  of  drugs  administration:  Advantages  and  disadvantages  of
Enteral Routes, Advantages and disadvantages of Parentral Routes
and Advantages and disadvantages of Topical Routes.
(c) Pharmacokinetics: Drug solubility and passage of drugs across the
body membranes, Plasma concentration of drugs and various factors
affecting it (Absorption and factors influencing the rate of absorption
(GIT and other routes) of drugs, Distribution and factors influencing
the  rate  of  distribution  of  drugs,  Biotransformation  and  factors
influencing the rate of biotransformation of drugs, Excretion, channels
of excretion and factors influencing the rate of excretion of drugs),
Definition of (Bioabvailability & Bioequivalence, Therapeutic Index,
Plasma Half Life  (t½), Dose-Response Curve, Area Under  Curve,
Volume of Distribution.
(d) Pharmacodynamics: Drug receptors and theories, Mechanisms of drug
action, Specificity of drug action and Factors modifying the action &
dosage of drugs.

2.   DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
(a) Organization of ANS its subdivisions and innervations.
(b) Neurotransmitters in ANS, their synthesis, release and fate.
(c) Sympathetic agonist drugs: Catecholamines and Non-catecholamines.
(d) Sympathetic   antagonist   drugs:   Adrenergics   Nerve   Blockers,
Adrenoceptor  antagonists (Alpha-adrenergic  blockers  and  Beta-
adrenergic blockers).
(e) Parasympathetic       (Cholinergic)   agonists   and   Anticholinestrase
inhibitors.
(f) Parasympathetic antagonists.
(g) Drugs  acting  on  Ganglia           (Ganglian  stimulants  and  Ganglion
blockers).
(h) Neuromuscular blocking drugs.

3.  DRUGS ACTING ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:
(a) Emetic.
(b) Anti-emetics.
(c) Purgatives: Bulk forming purgatives, Lubricant purgatives, Irritant
purgatives and Saline Purgatives.
(d) Anti-diarrheal Agents.
(e) Treatment  of  Peptic  &  Dudenal  Ulcers:  Antiacids,  H2-Receptor
Antagonists, Antimuscarinic Agents, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Gastrin
Receptor Antagonist and Cytoprotective agents.
(f) Drug treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of bowel. (g) Drugs affecting bile flow and Cholelithiasis.

Note:
1.         Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug
products.
2.         While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group
actions  of  related  drugs  and  only  important  differences  should  be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3.         Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs
with  no  clinical  and  therapeutic  values  ought  to  be  excluded  from syllabus at any time.
4.         The  prototype  drugs  in  each  group  from  the  latest  edition  of  the
recommended books.

PHM 207     PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-I (General-I)
                                                                    (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
The objectives of this lab. course are to study the pharmacological effects of various drugs on different organs of the experimental animals. It will develop in students the understanding of the concept of Dosage regime design, therapeutic drug monitoring, in-vivo evaluation of drugs and will enable them to study the dose related response of the drugs in-vivo.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities,  e.g.  Preparation  of  standard  solution.  Ringer  solution.
Tyrode   solution.   Kreb   solution.   Normal   saline   solution.   To
demonstrate   the   effects   of   sympathomimetic (Adrenaline)   &
sympatholytic drugs (Propranolol) on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the
effects  of  parasympathomimetic (Acetylcholine)  and  parasympatholytic (Atropine) drugs on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of an unknown drug on Frog’s heart. Routes of Administration of drugs.
(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Gillman G, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics (1996), McGraw-
Hill Book Company, New York, USA.
2.  Winguard,  Brody (Eds.) (1991),  Human  Pharmacology,  Mosby  Year
Book, Boston, USA.
3. Ritter JM, Levis LD (1995),  A  Text  book  of  Clinical Pharmacology,
Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
4. Satorkar  RS, Bhandarkar SD (1993),   Pharmacology   and
Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, India.
5.  Tripathy JD (2000), Essential of Medical Pharmacology (4th Ed.), Japees Brother, New
Delhi, India.
6.  Laurance DR (1987), Clinical Pharmacology (6th Ed.), ELBS, London, UK.
7. Katzung BG (2001), Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (8th Ed.), McGraw-Hill
Medical Publishers, New York, USA.
8.  Lipponcott (2001), Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin (eds.), USA.
9. Edabi M (1993), Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, UK.
10. Qayum A, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara
University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
11. Bertram GK (1995), Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (6th Ed.), Paramount
Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA.
12. William F, Ganong WF, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall
International Inc, New Jersey, USA.

PHM 209     PHARMACOGNOSY-I                    (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
In this course the teaching of Pharmacognosy in pharmacy is aimed at different aspects of crude drugs, their cultivation, identification, collection, evaluation and other processes from plants and animals. This also includes the different systems of classification of crude drugs. Besides these some other topics like allergenic preparations, enzymes, poisonous plants and pesticides from biological sources are also studied. It also covers the study of different systems of medicines which will help the students to understand the concepts of drug development from plant origin and importance of Medicinal Plants in Pharmacy.
Course Outline
1.  GENERAL INTRODUCTION: Historical Development and Scope
of Pharmacognosy. Traditional system of Medicine/medicinal plants.
Evolution of Modern system of Medicine (History of Modern System
of Medicine). Classification of Crude Drugs with Special Emphasis
to   Chemical   and   Therapeutical   System   of   Classification.
Terminology Used in Pharmacognosy. Preparation of Crude Drugs
for Commercial Market, Methods of Cultivation, Drying, Storage.
Preservation,  Packing,  Deterioration  and  Adulteration  of  Crude
Drugs. Evaluation of Crude Drugs I E. Organoleptic, Microscopic,
Physical, Chemical and Biological.

2.  THE  STUDY  OF  THE  CRUDE  DRUGS  BELONGING  TO
VARIOUS FAMILIES OF MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE
Families                                         Crude Drugs

a.  Ranunculanceae Aconitum, Larkspur, Pulsatilla, Hydrastis.
b.  Papaveraaceae Papaver Somniferum, Sanguinaria, Canadensis.
c.  Leguminosae Acacia, Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Cassia, Tamarind.
d.  Umbelliferae Fennel, Carum, Coriander, Conium, Asafoetida.
e.  Apocynaceae Rauwolfia, Catharanthus.
f.   Solanaceae Belladonna, Hycscyamus, Stramonium Capsicum.
g.  Scrophulariaceae Digitalis, Verbascum (Mullien).
h.  Labiatae Peppermint, Thyme, Spearmint, Salvia, Ocimum.
i.  Liliaceae Garlic, Colchicum, Aloe.
j.  Zingiberaceae Ginger, Curcuma.

3.    GROWTH REGULATORS: General account with special reference
to Auxins, Gibberellins      Abscisic acid, Cytokinins and Ethylene.

PHM 211     PHARMACOGNOSY -I               (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This laboratory course will enable the students to understand the different aspects of crude drugs from plants and animals, their collection, identification, macro and micro evaluation and their microchemical analysis.
Course Contents:
NOTE: - Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g. Introduction of the entire and broken parts of the plant
drugs (Macro and organoleptic characters).
(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Tyler VE, Brady LR, Robbers JE (1988), Pharmacognosy (9th Ed.), Lea
and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.
2. Trease GE, Evans WC (2002),  Pharmacognosy,  WB  Saunders,
Philadelphia, Toronto.
3. Usmanghani K (1985),   Topics   in   Pharmacognosy,   University   Grants
Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, Pakistan.
4. Wellis TE (1986),  Text  book  of  Pharmacognosy,  CBS  Publishers  &
Distributors, New Delhi, India.
5.  Taylor VE, Pharmacognosy (9th Ed.), Lee Febiger Philadelphia, USA.
6. Ali M (1986), Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers &
Distributors, New Delhi, India.
7. Usmanghani K (1985),   Chemical   Pharmacognosy,   University   Grants
Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan.
8.  Youngkin  HW (1984), Text  Book of  Pharmacognosy (6th Ed.), The
Blakiston Co, Toronto, Canada.

PHM 213   PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-I     
(Theory)    Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives
The objectives of teaching microbiology in Pharmacy are to develop among students the basic understanding the fundamentals of microbiology, including bacteriology, virology, and immunology, along with their clinical and epidemiological applications. After completing this course students will also be able to establis the correlation of disease prediction, progression and treatment to its etiological pathogen.

Course Outline

Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical applications.

1.  GENERAL  MICROBIOLOGY:  Historical  Introduction,  Scope  of
Microbiology  with  special  reference  to  Pharmaceutical  Sciences.
Nomenclature and classification of Micro-organisms.

2.  ORGANISMS:
The Bacteria: General and cellular Morphology, structure and function.
Classification  of  Bacteria.  Growth  curve,  growth  factors  and  growth
characteristics. Nutrition, Requirements and Nutrition factors affecting
growth. Culture Media, Bacterial cultures and staining Methods.
The  Viruses:  Introduction,  Classification (and  detail  of  at  least  one
species from every group), cultivation, and  replication.

3.  THE FUNGI/YEAST/MOLDS.

4.  THE PROTOZOA.

5.  The NORMAL FLORA:  Microbiology of air, water and soil (General
introduction and normal inhibitants of air, water, and soil).

PHM 215  PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-I 
(Laboratory)       Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)

Course Objectives:
This course will help to introduce the students with the modern concepts of microbiological application. The staining of slides and preparation of culture media, etc., including microbiological assays of pharmaceuticals. Sensitivity test and other necessary pharmaceutical tests are also included. The students are trained about sterilization, disinfection and fermentation with reference to their use and application in the pharmaceutical industry. Knowledge of immune system is also imparted.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g. Preparation of general and selective media and culturing
of  micro-organisms.  Total  and  viable  counts  of  microorganism.
Morphological and selective biochemical characteriz-ation of some
specimen. Staining of Bacteria: Gram method, Acid fast, Giemasas
staining,  Capsule  staining,  Flagella  staining  and  Spore  staining.
Microbiological analysis of air, water and soil.                  

Recommended Books
1.  Jawetiz (1998), Medical Microbiology and Immunology (5th Ed.),
Churchill Livingstone, London, UK.
2. Hugo WB, Russell AD (1998), Pharmaceutical Microbiology (6th Ed.), Black
Well Science Ltd, London, UK.
3.  Lippincot (2001), Microbiology  by  Lipponcott,  William  &  Willkin, USA.
4.  Alcamo (2003), Introduction to Microbiology (6th Ed.). John Bartlett
Publishers.
5.  Collin, Lynes (1995), Microbiological Methods, Vutterworth Heineman,
Oxford, UK.
6. Mekallee M, Microbiology: Essentials and Application (2nd Ed.), McGraw
Hill Inc.
7. Singleton and Sainsbury (2000), Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular
biology, John Willey & Sons, New York, USA.
8.  Pelczar (1996), Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc.
9.  Prescott, Harley (2001), Microbiology (2nd Ed.), Klein Wm C Brown
Publishers.

HUM 111  PAKISTAN STUDIES                        (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The applied aspects of the Islamic principles and Pakistan Studies are important. The time allotted for these subjects is utilized by inviting eminent scholars to speak on selected topics, conducting seminars and group discussions on moral values and practice in relation to medical and pharmaceutical sciences in the light of Islamic principles. The purpose is to bring positive behavioral changes in the students.

Course Contents:

As per syllabi of HUM 111 course, already approved.

FOURTH SEMESTER

PHM 202  Pharmaceutics-IV (Pharmaceutical Preparations-II)
                                                                 (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to expose pharmacy students to the concepts and delivery of different dosage forms used in pharmacy and the use of different ingredients, their small and large scale preparation, and their role in the pharmacy practices.   

Course Outline:
1.  TRANSDERMAL  DRUG  DELIVERY  SYSTEMS:  Introduction  of
Ointments,  Creams,  Pastes,  Poultice,  Plasters,  Lotions,  Liniments,
Topical gels, Topical Tinctures, Collodions, Topical solutions, Topical
Powders, Percutaneous absorption, Transdermal systems in use.

2.  OPHTHALMIC, NASAL AND OTIC PREPARATIONS: Ophthalmic
solutions, suspensions, ointment, inserts, contact lens solutions. Nasal
decongestant solutions, Decongestant inhalers. Ear preparations: Anti-
infective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic.
3.  SUPPOSITORIES AND VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES:  Semi-solid
Preparations, Suppositories bases, preparation, packaging and storage,
Solutions/Anemas.
4.  AEROSOLS, INHALATIONS AND SPRAYS:  Aerosol:  Principle,
container and valve assembly, Propellants, filling, testing, packaging,
labeling and storage.

5.  POWDERS, CAPSULES, TABLET DOSAGE FORMS: Preparation of
Powders, mixing of powders, uses and packaging of powders, granules,
effervescent,  granulated  salts.  Hard  gelatin  capsules,  capsule  sizes,
preparation  of  filled  hard  gelatin  capsules,  soft  gelatin  capsules,
preparation and its application. Tablets, their types, characteristics and
methods of preparation.
6.  INTRODUCTION TO PARENTERALS: Official types of  injections,
solvents and vehicles for injections, added substances.
7.  A brief introduction to oral hygiene products.

PHM 204      Pharmaceutics-IV (Pharmaceutical Preparations-II)
                                                                    (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This laboratory course will help the students to learn practically some of the material included in the theory course lectures and to teach them about different dosage forms used in pharmacy and their small scale preparation and formulation of different dosage forms.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities,  e.g.  Prepartion  of    Methyl  salicylate  ointment,  Sulpher
ointment,  Calamine  lotion,  Iodine  tincture,  Preparations  of  oral
hygiene products, Poultice of Kaolin, Effervescent granules, Distilled
Water for injections.
(A minimum of 10n practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books

1. Aulton ME (1998), Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London,
UK.
2.  Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics (1986), CBS Publishers & Distributors, New
Delhi, India.
3.  Pharmaceutics,  the  Science  of  Dosage  Form  Design,  2nd  Ed., (2002),
HawCourt Publisher.
4. Rawlins EA (1977), Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics (8th edi.),
Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, New York, USA.
5.  Sprowl’s    (Dittert  L  W,  Eds.) (1990),  American  Pharmacy (7th  Ed.),  J  B
Lippincott

PHM 206   PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-II (General-II)
                                                                      (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
                            Course Objectives
This course will enable the students to understand the pharmacological effects of different classes of drugs on different body systems. Pharmacological studies will range from those that examine the effects of chemical agents on subcellular mechanisms, to those that deal the treatment and prevention of diseases with drug therapy and with the potential hazards of toxic substances. Pharmacologists also use molecular modeling and computerized design as drug discovery tools to understand cell function.
Course Outline

1.  AUTACOIDS AND THEIR ANTAGONISTS:
Histamine and Antihistamines, Serotonin and Serotonin Antagonists and
Other Autocoids

2.  DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
(a) Drugs  used  for  cough     (Antitussives,  Expectorants  and  Mucolytic
Agents).
(b) Drug treatment of Bronchial Asthma (Bronchodilators, Cromoglycate,
Nedocromil, Cortecosteroids & other Anti-inflammatory drugs and
Muscarinic receptor antagonists)
3. DRUGS ACTING ON CARDIO-VESCULAR SYSTEM:
(a) Angina pectorus and its drug treatment.
(b) Congestive heart failure & its treatment. (c) Antiarrhythmic drugs.
(d) Agents used in Hyperlipidemia. (e) Coagulants and Anticoagulants. (f) Antihypertensives.
(g) Diuretics.

4.  DRUGS ACTING ON GENITOURINARY SYSTEM:
Oxytoxic drugs, Ergot alkaloids and uterine relaxants.

5.  ANTI-ANAEMIC DRUGS.

Note:
1.        Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug
products.
2.        While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group
actions  of  related  drugs  and  only  important  differences  should  be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3.        Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs
with  no  clinical  and  therapeutic  values  ought  to  be  excluded  from syllabus at any time.
4.        The  prototype  drugs  in  each  group  from  the  latest  edition  of  the

PHM 208     PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-II (General-II)
                                                                               (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
In this laboratory course students will  study the pharmacological effects of various drugs on different organs of the experimental animals. By this students will be able to understand the concept of Dosage regime design, therapeutic drug monitoring and in-vivo evaluation of drugs. They will also be able to study the dose related response of the drugs in vivo.

Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g. To demonstate the effects of vasconstrictor drugs on
Frog’s blood vessels. To demonstrate the effects of stimulant drugs on
Rabbit’s intestine (Acetyl choline, Barium chloride). To demonstrate
the effects of depressant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Atropine). To
differentiate the effects of an unknown drug on Rabbit’s intestine and
identify the (unknown) drug. To study the effects of Adrenaline on
Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Homatropine on Rabbit’s Eyes.
To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the
effects of Local Anaesthetic drug (e.g. Cocaine) on Rabbit’s Eyes. To
identify the unknown drug & differentiate its effects on Rabbit’s Eyes.
(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Gillman G, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics (1996), McGraw-
Hill Book Company, New York, USA.
2.  Winguard,  Brody (Eds.) (1991),  Human  Pharmacology,  Mosby  Year
Book, Boston, USA.
3. Ritter JM, Levis LD (1995),  A  Text  book  of  Clinical Pharmacology,
Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
4. Satorkar  RS, Bhandarkar SD (1993),   Pharmacology   and
Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, India.
5.  Tripathy JD (2000), Essential of Medical Pharmacology (4th Ed.), Japees Brother, New
Delhi, India.
6.  Laurance DR (1987), Clinical Pharmacology (6th Ed.), ELBS, London, UK.
7. Katzung BG (2001), Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (8th Ed.), McGraw-Hill
Medical Publishers, New York, USA.
8.  Lipponcott (2001), Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin (eds.), USA.
9. Edabi M (1993), Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, UK.
10. Qayum A, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara
University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
11. Bertram GK (1995), Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (6th Ed.), Paramount
Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA.
12. William F, Ganong WF, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall
International Inc, New Jersey, USA.

PHM 210       PHARMACOGNOSY-II                   (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives
The teaching of this Pharmacognosy course in pharmacy is aimed at different aspects of crude drugs, their cultivation identification, collection, evaluation and other processes from plants and animals. This also includes the different systems of classification of crude drugs. Besides these some other topics like allergenic preparations, enzymes, poisonous plants and pesticides from biological sources are also studied. It also covers the study of different systems of medicines.
After completing this course students will be able to understand different both beneficial and adverse effects of medicinal plants. 
Course Outline
1.  ALLERGENS AND ALLERGENIC PREPARATION: Introduction, case
history, skin test, treatment off allergy, inhalant, ingestant, injectant,
contactant, infectant and infestant allergens.  Mechanism of allergy.

2.  ENZYMES:  Enzymes  obtained  from  plant  source.           (Phytoenzymes).
Papain Bromelain and Malt Extract. Enzymes obtained from Animal source. Rennin pepsin, Pancreatin and Pancrealipase.

3.  POISONOUS   PLANTS: General introduction of poisonous plants with
special reference to Pakistan.

4.  PESTICIDES: Introduction. Methods of controlling pests with special
reference to natural methods.

PHM 212    PHARMACOGNOSY-II                  (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Objectives
This laboratory course will enable the students to understand the different aspects of crude drugs from plants and animals, their collection, identification, macro and micro evaluation and their microchemical analysis.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g. Microscopic examination of powders and sections of
plant drugs.
A Study Tour will be an integral part of the syllabus and will be arranged at the end of the session for collection of medicinal plants from various hilly areas of the country.
Recommended Books
1. Tyler VE, Brady LR, Robbers JE (1988), Pharmacognosy (9th Ed.), Lea
and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.
2. Trease GE, Evans WC (2002),  Pharmacognosy,  WB  Saunders,
Philadelphia, Toronto.
3. Usmanghani K (1985),   Topics   in   Pharmacognosy,   University   Grants
Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, Pakistan.
4. Wellis TE (1986),  Text  book  of  Pharmacognosy,  CBS  Publishers  &
Distributors, New Delhi, India.
5.  Taylor VE, Pharmacognosy (9th Ed.), Lee Febiger Philadelphia, USA.
6. Ali M (1986), Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers &
Distributors, New Delhi, India.
7. Usmanghani K (1985),   Chemical   Pharmacognosy,   University   Grants
Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan.
8.  Youngkin  HW (1984), Text  Book of  Pharmacognosy (6th Ed.), The
Blakiston Co, Toronto, Canada.

 
PHM 214      PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-II
                                                                   (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
The objectives of teaching microbiology in this Pharm. D. course are to develop among students the understanding of the fundamental concepts of microbiology, including bacteriology, virology, and immunology, along with their clinical and epidemiological applications. After completing this course students will be able to establish the correlation of disease prediction, progression and treatment to its etiological pathogen.

Course Contents:

Note:-   The   topics   will   be   taught   with   special   reference   to   their
Pharmaceutical Applications.

2.  INDUSTRIAL   MICROBIOLOGY:   Introduction   to   Sterilization/
Disinfection.  Fermentation.         Pharmaceutical  products  produced  by
fermentation    process         (Penicillins,      Cepalosporins,    Gentamycin,
Erythromycin, Tetracyclines, Rifamycin, Griseofulvin)

3.  IMMUNOLOGY:  Introduction,  Types  of  Imunity:  Specific  and  non-
specific (Cellular basis of Immune response. Immunity, autoimmunity,
tolerance. Antigen. Antibodies). Antigen-Antibody reactions and their
clinical and diagnostic applications. Hypersensitivity and allergy. Drug
allergy  mechanism.  Vaccination:  Introduction  and  aims.  Types  of
Vaccines. Current vaccine practices.

4.  FACTORY AND HOSPITAL HYGIENE AND GOOD MANUFAC-
TURING PRACTICE: Introduction, Control of Microbial contamination
during manufacture, Mnaufacture of Sterile products, A Guide to Current
Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practices.

PHM 216   PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-II
                                                              (LABORATORY)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This course will help to introduce the students with the modern concepts of microbiological application. The students will be trained about sterilization, disinfection and fermentation with reference to their use and application in the pharmaceutical industry. They will also become aware of microbiological assays of antibiotics and vitamins.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g. Sterilization of Glassware and pharmaceutical products
by  various  methods.  Microbiological  assays  of:  Antibiotics  and
vitamins.
Recommended Books

1.  Jawetiz (1998), Medical Microbiology and Immunology (5th Ed.),
Churchill Livingstone, London, UK.
2. Hugo WB, Russell AD (1998), Pharmaceutical Microbiology (6th Ed.), Black
Well Science Ltd, London, UK.
3.  Lippincot (2001), Microbiology  by  Lipponcott,  William  &  Willkin, USA.
4.  Alcamo (2003), Introduction to Microbiology (6th Ed.). John Bartlett
Publishers.
5.  Collin, Lynes (1995), Microbiological Methods, Vutterworth Heineman,
Oxford, UK.
6. Mekallee M, Microbiology: Essentials and Application (2nd Ed.), McGraw
Hill Inc.
7. Singleton and Sainsbury (2000), Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular
biology, John Willey & Sons, New York, USA.
8.  Pelczar (1996), Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc.
9.  Prescott, Harley (2001), Microbiology (2nd Ed.), Klein Wm C Brown
Publishers.

HUM 110          ISLAMIC STUDIES                       (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The basic teachings and applied aspects of the Islamic principles are important. The time allotted for this course is utilized also by inviting eminent scholars to speak on selected topics, conducting seminars and group discussions on moral values and practice in relation to medical and pharmaceutical sciences in the light of Islamic principles. The purpose is to bring positive behavioral changes in the students.
Course Contents:

As per syllabi of HUM 110, already approved.

THIRD PROFESSIONAL

FIFTH SEMESTER

PHM 301              PATHOLOGY                   (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives
The contents included in this course of pathology will enable the students to understand different diseases and the conditions, physiological variations, and hormonal changes. Understanding of pathology in this course will help the students to distinguish abnormal and normal body function.

Course Outline

1.  SCOPE OF PATHOLOGY & CONCEPT OF DISEASES:
2.  DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY: Ischemia, Hypoxia, Necrosis,
Infarction, Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Aplasia,
Anaplasia.
3.  RESPONSE  OF  BODY  TO  INJURY  AND  INFECTION:  Acuate
inflammation,  Chronic  inflammation,  Immunity,  Allergy,  Hyper
Sensitivity.

4.  SPECIFIC:  Ulcer     (Peptic, Doudenal),  Hypertension,  Leukemia  or
Blood  Cancer     (Malignant  Carcinoma,  Sarcoma  &  Lymphomas),
Diagnosis  and  treatment  of  Cancer  in  general,  fate,  survival  and
prognosis with tumors.

PHM 303            PATHOLOGY                   (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)

Course Objectives:
In this lab. course students will learn and understand the diagnosis of various diseases through examination of organs, tissues, body fluids, and whole bodies. This course will also introduce the students with the clinical and anatomical pathology.
Course Contents:

Study of Pathological Slides of various Pathological Conditions
Acute  inflammation,  Chronic  inflammation,  Chronic  specific  inflammation, Different types of Degeneration, Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarction, Necrosis, Gangrene,   Hyperplasia,   Metaplasia,   Pigmentation,   Calcification,   CVC, Papilloma, Adenoma, Chondroma, Fibroma, Leomyoma, Neofibroma, Sq. Cell Carcinoma,   Basal   Cell   Carcinoma,   Transitional   Cell   Carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma,   Fibrocarcinoma,   Rhadomyosarcoma,   Leomyosarcoma, Lymphosarcoma,  Liposarcoma,  Reticular  Cell  Sarcoma,  Hodgkins  disease, Breast Carcinoma, Osteogenic Sarcoma, Osteoclastoma.

Examiantion of different body fluids in various Pathological Conditions
Urine complete Examination, stool Examination, Blood Complete Examination, Semen  Examination,  Cerebrospinal  Fluid  Examination,  Pericardial  fluid examination,  Pleural  Fluid  Examination,  Ascitic  Fluid  Examination,  Blood Sugar, Blood Urea, Blood Choleterol etc.
Tests for various Specimens of Clinical Importance
Techniques  of  Clinical  Blood  Examination  for  various  disases,  Gastric Analysis, Tests for liver function test, Renal function test, Tests for endocrine abnormalities, Biopsies and cytologic techniques.
Recommended Books
1.  Robins KC (1992),  Basic  Pathology (6th  Ed.),  W  B  Saunders
Company, Philadelphia, USA.
2.  Walters and Israel (1998), General Pathology, Churchill Livingstone,
London, UK.
3. Macfarlane PS, Reid R, Collander R (1998), Pathology Illustrated,
Churchill Livingstone, London, UK.
4.  Robbins Pathology (2nd Ed.), (1962), W B Saunders Co, London, UK.
5.  Walter GB (1996),  General  Pathology,  Churchill  Livingstone,  New  York,
USA.

PHM 305   PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-III (Systemic
                   Pharmacology-I)                            (Theory)  Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
                               Course Objectives
This course will help the students to understand the pharmacology of different classes of drugs acting on Central Nervous System and will they will also be taught about Pharmacology of anesthetic drugs, ranging from examining the effects of these drug agents on subcellular mechanisms, to those that deal the treatment and prevention of diseases with drug therapy and with the potential hazards of toxic substances. After the completion of this course students will have the knowledge of the sources, chemical properties, biological effects and therapeutic uses of these drugs.
Course Outline

1.  DRUGS ACTING ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(a) CNS   -  Depressants:  Hypnotic  &  Sedatives  and  Analgesics
(Narcotic   Analgesics   and   opioid   antagonists,   Analgesic,
Antipyretic  and  Anti-inflammatory  drugs [NSAID]  including
Disease-modifying  antirheumatic  drugs  and  Drug  treatment  of Gout)
(b) CNS  -  Stimulants:  Cerebral  Stimulants,  Medullary  stimulants,
Spinal  Cord  Stimulants,  Antidepressants,  Psychotomimetic  or
Hallucinogenics,   Psychotherapeutic   Agents (Anxiolytics   and
Antipsychotics), Drug treatment of Epilepsy and Drug treatment of Parkinsonism and other movement disorders.

2.  ANAESTHETICS
(a) Anaesthesia and its clinical importance.
(b) General Anaesthesia, Mechanism of action and its application. (c) General Anaesthetics.
(d) Local Anaesthetics.
(e) Spinal Anaesthesia and drug used.
(f) Techniques of Local Anaesthesia.
Note:
1.        Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug
products.
2.        While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group
actions  of  related  drugs  and  only  important  differences  should  be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3.        Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs
with  no  clinical  and  therapeutic  values  ought  to  be  excluded  from syllabus at any time.
4.        The  prototype  drugs  in  each  group  from  the  latest  edition  of  the
recommended books.

PHM 307      PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-III (Systemic
                       Pharmacology-I)                    (Laboratory)        Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This lab. course has been designed to study the pharmacological effects of various drugs on different organs of the experimental animals and human beings. This course will help the students to understand the concept of Dosage regime design, therapeutic drug monitoring and in-vivo evaluation of drugs. It will also develop among students the concept of in vivo dose related response of the drugs on different organs of the experimental animals and human beings.
Course Contents:

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities,  e.g.  To  study  the  convulsant  effects  of  strychnine  and
picrotoxin in frogs and to determine the site of action. To identify the
unknown (convulsant) drug and determine its site of action. To study
the effects of Adrenaline on Human Eyes.
To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Human Eyes. To study the
effect of Homatropine on Human Eyes. To identify and observe the
effects of unknown drugs on Human Eyes. To study the effects of
local anaesthetic drugs on human and the nerve plexus of frog.
Recommended Books
1. Gillman G, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics (1996), McGraw-
Hill Book Company, New York, USA.
2.  Winguard,  Brody (Eds.) (1991),  Human  Pharmacology,  Mosby  Year
Book, Boston, USA.
3. Ritter JM, Levis LD (1995),  A  Text  book  of  Clinical Pharmacology,
Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
4. Satorkar  RS, Bhandarkar SD (1993),   Pharmacology   and
Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, India.
5.  Tripathy JD (2000), Essential of Medical Pharmacology (4th Ed.), Japees Brother, New
Delhi, India.
6.  Laurance DR (1987), Clinical Pharmacology (6th Ed.), ELBS, London, UK.
7. Katzung BG (2001), Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (8th Ed.), McGraw-Hill
Medical Publishers, New York, USA.
8.  Lipponcott (2001), Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin (eds.), USA.
9. Edabi M (1993), Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, UK.
10. Qayum A, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara
University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
11. Bertram GK (1995), Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (6th Ed.), Paramount
Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA.
12. William F, Ganong WF, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall
International Inc, New Jersey, USA.

PHM 309       PHARMACOGNOSY-III                   (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
The aim of teaching this course of Pharmacognosy is to make students understand the concept of medicinal plants in modern system of medicine and overall view of uses of these plants constituents like alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoides, tannins, fixed oils, volatile oils, etc. Different separation and isolation techniques of these chemicals are also aimed.
Course Contents:
1.  SEPARATION AND ISOLATION OF PLANT CONSTITUTIONS: An
introduction  to  chromatography  and  chromatographic  techniques  e.g.
Adsorption Chromatography and Partition Chromatography.

2.  CARBOHYDRATES: Introduction of carbohydrate.
(a) Sucrose and Sucrose containing drugs: Sucrose, Dextrose, Liquid
glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Xylose, Caramel, Honey, Starch, Inulin,
Dextrine etc.
(b) Cellulose  and  Cellulose  Derivatives:  Purified  cotton,  Powdered
cellulose,  Microcrystalline  cellulose,  Methyl  cellulose,  Sodium
Carboxy-methyl cellulose.
(c) Gums and Mucilages:   Tragacenth, Acacia, Sodium Alginate, Agar,
Pectin.
3.  GLYCOSIDES:    Introduction, classification, chemistry and medicinal
uses of:
(a) Cardioactive glycosides: Digitalis, Strophanthus and white squill.
(b) Anthroquinone glycosides: Cascara, Aloe, Rhubarb, Cochineal and
Senna.
(c) Saponin glycosides: Glycyrrhiza, Sarsaparilla. (d) Cyanophore glycosides: Wild cherry.
(e) Isothiocyanate glycosides: Black Mustard. (f) Lactone glycosides: Cantharide.
(g) Aldehyde glycosides: Vanilla.
(h) Miscellaneous glycosides: Gentian,. Quassia, Dioscorea.
4.  TANNINS: Introduction, classification, properties and chemical identity
tests of Tannins and Tannin containing compounds. Detailed study of
Hammamelis, Catechu and Nut Galls.

5.  LIPIDS: Introduction. Detailed study of:
(a) Fixed Oils: Castor oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, sun flower
oil, corn oil, coconut oil, Almond oil, Linseed oil, Mustard oil, Sesame
oil and soybean oil.
(b) Fats and Related Compounds: Theobroma oil and Lenolin.
(c) Waxes: Bees wax, carnauba wax, spermaceti and Jojoba oil.

PHM 311       PHARMACOGNOSY-III              (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)

Course Objectives:
This laboratory course will make the students to understand the pharmacological, ecological and biochemical roles of molecules produced by nature; information on herbal medicines; and new methods for the analysis of drugs, toxins and herbal preparations.
Course Contents:

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g. Extraction of the active constituents of crude drugs and
chemical tests for their identification.
Recommended Books

1. Tyler VE, Brady LR, Robbers JE (1988), Pharmacognosy (9th Ed.), Lea
and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.
2. Trease GE, Evans WC (2002),  Pharmacognosy,  WB  Saunders,
Philadelphia, Toronto.
3. Usmanghani K (1985),   Topics   in   Pharmacognosy,   University   Grants
Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, Pakistan.
4. Wellis TE (1986),  Text  book  of  Pharmacognosy,  CBS  Publishers  &
Distributors, New Delhi, India.
5.  Taylor VE, Pharmacognosy (9th Ed.), Lee Febiger Philadelphia, USA.
6. Ali M (1986), Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers &
Distributors, New Delhi, India.
7. Usmanghani K (1985),   Chemical   Pharmacognosy,   University   Grants
Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan.
8.  Youngkin  HW (1984), Text  Book of  Pharmacognosy (6th Ed.), The
Blakiston Co, Toronto, Canada.

PHM 313   PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III (Instrumentation-I)
                                                                            (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The basic objective of this course is to give knowledge to the Pharm. D. students about different analytical techniques used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs and drug compounds. Students will be given the basic knowledge regarding the theory, instrumentation and pharmaceutical applications of each technique with special reference to pharmaceutically important compounds. After completing this course students will be able to perform the assays of drugs by using modern instrumental techniques and will also be able to identify the unknown Pharmaceutical compounds. This course will help the students for their future work in drug design and drug evaluation studies.

Course Outline:

Note:-   The   topics   will   be   taught   with   special   reference   to   their
Pharmaceutical Applications.
Theory, Instrumentation and Pharmaceutical Applications of the following Spectroscopic Methods
1.  Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy.
2.  Molecular fluorescence spectroscopy.
3.  Flame Photometry.
4.  I.R. Spectroscopy.
5.  Mass Spectroscopy.
6.  NMR Spectroscopy.
7.  UV/Visible Spectroscopy.

PHM 315   PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III (Instrumentation-I)
                                                                   (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This laboratory course will help the students to perform the analysis of drug compounds with the help of available instruments in the laboratory. In this course students will be able to check the purity, quality and quantity of active ingredients present in drug dosage form and the desired compound in any given sample. Students will also learn to perform assays of different drug compounds by using modern instrumental techniques.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
requirements, e.g. Determination of the Purity and Composition of the
unknown drugs by using at least each of the above techniques.
Recommended Books
1.  Lough  WJ (1996),  High  Performance  Liquid  Chromatography,  Blacki
Academic Press, New York, USA.
2.  Kemp W (1990), Organic Spectroscopy, Ellsi Horwood, London, UK.
3. Aminuddin M, Iqbal J (2000),  Theory  and  Practice  of  Chromato-
graphy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan.
4. Beckett AH, Stennlake JB, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Part I and II, The Aulton Press, London, UK.
5. Knevel AM, Digangi FE, Jenkins’s quantitative Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, USA.
6.  Braithwaite, Smith FJ, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and
Hall, London, UK.
7.  Heftmann E (1975), Chromatography, Von Nostrond Reinheld Co, New York,
USA.
8.  Pryde, Gilbert MJ (1979), Applications of High Performance Liquid
Chromatography, Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
9.  Stahl E (1969), Thin Layer Chromatography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
10. Hamilton R, Sewell PA (1982), Introduction to HPLC, Chapman & Hall,
London, UK.

PHM 317  PHARMACEUTICS-V (Dispensing Pharmacy)
(Theory)  Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives
The topics included in this course of Dispensing are essential for a pharmacist to know while working in a pharmacy as how to prepare and supply medicines. This course provides the knowledge of stability of medicines and their ingredients, principle of compounding, dosage, chemical, physical and therapeutic incompatibility, packaging methods, labeling procedures, legal requirements affecting drug storage, supply and records, containers and labeling of substances and misuse of drugs.

Course Outline

1.  Basic Principles of Compounding and Dispensing Including:
Weights and Measures, Calculations for compounding and Dispensing,
Fundamental operations in Compounding, Containers and closures for
Dispensed Products, Prescription-Handling (Parts of Prescription, Filling,
Interpretation, Pricing) and Labelling of Dispensed Medication.
2.  Extemporaneous Dispensing of:
Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions, Creams, Ointments, Pastes and gels,
Suppositories and pessaries, Powders and granules and Oral unit dosage
form.
3.  Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities:
Types of Incompatibilities, Manifestations, Correction and Prevention with reference to typical examples.
4.  Classical dosage Forms.
5.  I.V. Admixtures.
6.  Radio-Pharmacy-Techniques and Applications.

PHM 319     PHARMACEUTICS-V (Dispensing Pharmacy)
                                                                   (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives
This laboratory course will enable the students to learn about the stability of medicines and their ingredients, principle of compounding, dosage, chemical, physical and therapeutic incompatibility, packaging methods, labeling procedures, legal requirements affecting drug storage, supply and records, containers and labeling.
Course Contents:

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities,   e.g.   Practical   introduction   to   prescription-handling,
interpretation, filling and Labeling.

1.  Mixtures:   Dispensing   of   simple   mixtures   containing   soluble
substances   only,   mixtures   containing   diffusable   substances,
indiffusable substances and mixtures forming precipitate.
2.  Powders:  Dispensing  of  simple  powders,  compound  powders  and
effervescent powders for external use.
3.  Incompatibility: Practical Importance of Incompatibilities.
4.  Ointments And Creams: Dispensing of iodine and Methyl salicylate
ointment. Dispensing of cold cream and vanishing creams.
5.  Cosmetics: Lipstic, talcum powder, after shave lotion, shaving cream.
(Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books
1.  Cooper  and Guns (1986), Dispensing,  CBS  Publishers  &  Distributors,
New Delhi, India.
2.  Hussa’s Dispensing.
3.  Remington’s  Pharmaceutical  Sciences (2001),  Mack  Publishing  Company,
USA.
4.  Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia.
SIXTH SEMESTER

PHM 302   COMPUTER AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACY
                                                                                   (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives
This course has been designed, specifically for Pharm. D. students with the objective of introducing them with computer. The students will be able to learn basic introduction of computer with special reference to its applications in pharmacy.
Course Outline
1.  Fundamentals basic concept of computers
History  of  Data  Processing,  Types  of  Computers,  Components  of  a
Computer, Computer System and Business Computer System, Backing
Storage Devices, Unit of Memory, Viruses and Anti-viruses Issues.
2.  System Analysis and Design
What is a System? Steps in system life cycle, Data Gathering and Data Analysis, Designing a New System, Development and Implementation of New System, Documentation.
3.  Data Processing
Data  Processing,  The  Data  Processing  Cycle,  The  Collection  and
Computing of data, Manual collection of data, The main methods of data
input, Devices used to collect data, Data Verification, Data Validation,
Output and Recording of data, Types of data processing systems, Types of Computer Operation, Batch Processing and Real-time Processing.
4.  Data Communication
Applications   of   Data   Communication,   Components   of   a   data communication system, Rate of data Transmission, Computer Networks, Network Topology, Gateway, E-mail/Internet concepts.

    
PHM 304   COMPUTER AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACY
                                                                          (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)

Course Objectives:

The objective of this course is to demonstrate some of the material included in the course lectures and to teach the students practically. In this course students will be asked to use different application directly or indirectly related with the different fields of Pharmacy.
Course Outline:

1.  Internet and E-mail
Internet  and  Microsoft  Internet  Explorer      5,  Addresses,  Links  and
Downloading,  Searching  the  Internet,  E-mail  and  Newsgroups, Favorites, security and Customizing Explorer.
2.  Web Page Development
Introduction  to  Front-page,  Creating  a  First  Web  site,  Basic
Formatting  Techniques,  Manipulating  Tables  within  Front-page,
Front-page, Picture and Multimedia, Hyper linking, Bookmarks and
Image Maps, Introducing Front-page “components”, Front-page and
Frames,  Managing  your  Web,  Good  site  design,  Publishing  and
publicizing.
3.  Complete Statistical Package like SPSS.
4.  Languages
At least two prevailing languages will be taught.
Recommended Books
1.  Elias M (1989), System Analysis, Award Galgotia Publications, New
Delhi, India.
2.  Norton P (1988), Inside IBM PC, Brady Computer Books, New York, USA.
3.  Dennis N (1987), MS-DOS, Jump Practice Hall Press, New York, USA.

PHM 306    PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-IV (Systemic
          Pharmacology-II)                           (Theory)     Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives

The objective of this course is to teach the students about Pharmacology of different classes of drugs related with chemotherapy. The students will also learn about hormones, antagonists and other agents affecting endocrine functions. Toxicology of different classes of compounds will also be taught to them and after completing this course they will be able to develop better understanding of the pharmacology of drugs and drug compounds.

Course Outline

1.  CHEMOTHERAPY
(a) Classification of drugs.
(b) Antimicrobials:    Sulphonamides,    Antivirals,    Antiprotozoals
(Treatment of Malaria and Treatment of Amebiasis), Antifungals,
Anthelmintics,  Anti-neoplastic  and  Immunosuppressive  drugs,
Drug   treatment   of   Leprosy   and   Antibiotics (Penicillins,
Cephalosporins,  Aminoglycosides,  Tetracyclines,  Chloramphe-
nicol, Macrolides, Quinolones and Miscellaneous Antibiotics).
(c) Antihypertensive Drugs.
(d) Steroids and Antisteroid drugs.

2.  HORMONES, ANTAGONISTS AND OTHER AGENTS AFFECT-
ING ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
(a) Endocrine function and dysfunctions.
(b) Drug used for therapy of Diabetes Mellitus: Insulins and Oral
Hypoglycemic agents.
(c) Corticosteroids.
(d) Thyroid hormone and anti-thyroid drugs.
3. TOXICOLOGY
(a) Pollution and its typers (water, air, food).
(b) Poison and principle of treatment of poisoning.
(c) Poisoning (Sign & symptom and treatment): Ethanol, Barbiturates,
Digitalis, Salicylides, Strychnine, Narcotics, Nicotine, Paraceta-
mol, Benzodiazepines and Organophosphorous compounds.
(d) Chelating agents and their role in poisoning: Dimercaprol, Calcium
disodium edentate, Pencillamine and Defroxamine.
Note:
1.        Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug
products.
2.        While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group
actions  of  related  drugs  and  only  important  differences  should  be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3.        Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs
with  no  clinical  and  therapeutic  values  ought  to  be  excluded  from syllabus at any time.
4.        The  prototype  drugs  in  each  group  from  the  latest  edition  of  the
recommended books.

PHM 308     PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-IV (Systemic
           Pharmacology-II)                     (Laboratory)         Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to develop the practical understanding, in students, to study the pharmacological effects of various drugs on different organs of the experimental animals. Stdents will be able to understand the concept of Dosage regime design, therapeutic drug monitoring and in-vivo evaluation of drugs. Students will also study the in vivo dose related response of the drugs.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g.

1.  To identify and differentiate the effects of unknown drug on human and the
nerve plexus of frog.
2.  To  demonstrate  the  effects  of  Acetylcholine  on  the  Rectus  abdominus
muscle of frog and competitive.
3.  Pharmacological  antagomism  by  Neuromuscular  blocking  agent  e.g.
Gallamine.
4.  To identify the unknown drug by performing pharmacological competitive
antagonism on Rectus.
5.  Abdominus muscle of Frog.
6.  To study the anti-coagulant effects of Heparin and oral anti-coagulants on
Rabbits.
7.  To identify the unknown anti-coagulant drug using Rabbits.
8.  To demonstrate the graded Dose-Response curve of Acetylcholine on Rabbit
intestine.
9.  To identify unknown concentration of Acetycholine from graded Dose-
Response curves.
Recommended Books

1. Gillman G, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics (1996), McGraw-
Hill Book Company, New York, USA.
2.  Winguard,  Brody (Eds.) (1991),  Human  Pharmacology,  Mosby  Year
Book, Boston, USA.
3. Ritter JM, Levis LD (1995),  A  Text  book  of  Clinical Pharmacology,
Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
4. Satorkar  RS, Bhandarkar SD (1993),   Pharmacology   and
Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, India.
5.  Tripathy JD (2000), Essential of Medical Pharmacology (4th Ed.), Japees Brother, New
Delhi, India.
6.  Laurance DR (1987), Clinical Pharmacology (6th Ed.), ELBS, London, UK.
7. Katzung BG (2001), Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (8th Ed.), McGraw-Hill
Medical Publishers, New York, USA.
8.  Lipponcott (2001), Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin (eds.), USA.
9. Edabi M (1993), Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, UK.
10. Qayum A, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara
University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
11. Bertram GK (1995), Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (6th Ed.), Paramount
Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA.
12. William F, Ganong WF, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall
International Inc, New Jersey, USA.

PHM 310       PHARMACOGNOSY-IV                  (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
The teaching of this Pharmacognosy course to Pharm. D. students is aimed at different aspects of crude drugs, their cultivation, identification, collection, evaluation and other processes from plants. The study also includes the different classes of chemicals (constituents) and their uses present in the crude drugs like, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, fixed oil, volatile oil, hormones, pesticides enzymes etc. Different separation techniques e.g chromatography including column, tlc, hplc, ion exchange, electrophoresis for the isolation of bioactive chemicals are also discussed in this subject. The student will be able to know the different systems of medicines e.g unani, phyto-pharmacology, traditional medicine and alternative system of medicine.
Course Contents:

1.  VOLATILE  OILS             (ESSENTIAL  OILS):  Introduction,  significance,
methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry and classification of:
(a) Hydrocarbon volatile oils: Cubeb and Terpentine oil.
(b) Alcoholic volatile oils: Peppermint, Coriander and Cardamom.
(c) Aldehydic volatile oils: Bitter orange peel, sweet orange peel, lemon,
cinnamon and bitter almond oil.
(d) Ketonic volatile oils: Camphor, spearmint, caraway, Buchu. (e) Phenolic volatile oils: Clove, Thyme.
(f) Phenolic ether volatile oils: Fennel, Anise, Myristica. (g) Oxide volatile oils: Eucalyptus, chenopodium.
(h) Ester volatile oils: Rosemary.
(i) Miscellaneous volatile oils: Allium, Anethum.

2.        RESINS AND RESIN COMBINATION: Introduction, properties and
difference between glycoresins, oleoresins, oleo-gum resins and balsams.
(a) Resins: Rosin, Cannabis.
(b) Glycoresins: Podophyllum, Jalap, Ipomoea, Colocynth. (c) Oleoresins: Terpentine, Capsicum, Ginger.
(d) Oleo-gum resins: Asafoetida, Myrrh.
(e) Balsams: Storax, Peruvian balsam, Tolu balsam, Benzoin.

3.        ALKALOIDS:  Introduction,  Properties,  Cassification,  Function  of
alkaloids in plants, Methods of extraction and identification tests.
(a) Pyridine — Piperidine Alkaloids: Areca nut, Lobelia, Tobacco.
(b) Tropane Alkaloids: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium.
(c) Quinoline Alkaloids: Cinchona.
(d) Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Ipecacuanha, Opium.
(e) Indole alkaloids: Rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux vomica, physostigma,
ergot.
(f) Imidazole alkaloids: Pilocarpus.
(g) Steroidal alkaloids: Veratrum.
(h) Alkaloidal amines: Ephedra, colchicum.
(i) Purine Bases: Tea, Coffee.

4.  TUMOUR INHIBITORS FROM PLANT: Detailed study of various anti-
tumour agents isolated from plants.

PHM 312   PHARMACOGNOSY-IV              (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This lab. course will help the students to understand the pharmacological, ecological and biochemical roles of molecules produced by nature; information on herbal medicines; and new methods for the analysis of drugs, toxins and herbal preparations.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the
facilities, e.g. Isolation and separation of active constituents of crude
drugs by paper and thin layer chromatography.
Recommended Books

1. Tyler VE, Brady LR, Robbers JE (1988), Pharmacognosy (9th Ed.), Lea
and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.
2. Trease GE, Evans WC (2002),  Pharmacognosy,  WB  Saunders,
Philadelphia, Toronto.
3. Usmanghani K (1985),   Topics   in   Pharmacognosy,   University   Grants
Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, Pakistan.
4. Wellis TE (1986),  Text  book  of  Pharmacognosy,  CBS  Publishers  &
Distributors, New Delhi, India.
5.  Taylor VE, Pharmacognosy (9th Ed.), Lee Febiger Philadelphia, USA.
6. Ali M (1986), Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers &
Distributors, New Delhi, India.
7. Usmanghani K (1985),   Chemical   Pharmacognosy,   University   Grants
Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan.
8.  Youngkin  HW (1984), Text  Book of  Pharmacognosy (6th Ed.), The
Blakiston Co, Toronto, Canada.

PHM 314  PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IV (Instrumentation-II)
                                                                              (Theory)       Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
The basic objective of this course is to give knowledge to the Pharm. D. students about different modern analytical techniques used for the separation, identification and analysis of drugs and drug compounds. In this course students will also learn about electro-analytical methods for analysis of drugs and differential scanning calorimetry. After completing this course students will be able to purify, separate and identify the components of a mixture. They will also learn the analysis of drugs by using latest instrumental and electro-analytical techniques.

Course Contents:

Note:-   The   topics   will   be   taught   with   special   reference   to   their
Pharmaceutical Applications.

1.  CHROMATOGRAPHIC  METHODS:  Column  Chromatography,  Thin
Layer Chromatography, Gas Liquid Chromatography, HPLC and GC-
MS.
2.  ELECTRO CHEMICAL METHODS: Potentiometry, Polarography and
Radiochemical Techniques.

3.  DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY.

PHM 316  PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IV (Instrumentation-II)
                                                                     (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This laboratory course will help the students to separate and analyze the drug compounds with the help of modern instrumental chromatographic techniques available in the laboratory. In this course students will also be able to analyze the drug compounds by using electro-analytical techniques. Students will also learn to perform assays of different drug compounds by using modern instrumental techniques like HPLC and GC.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the
requirements, e.g. Determination of the Purity and Composition of the
unknown drugs by using at least each of the above techniques.
Recommended Books

1.  Lough  WJ (1996),  High  Performance  Liquid  Chromatography,  Blacki
Academic Press, New York, USA.
2.  Kemp W (1990), Organic Spectroscopy, Ellsi Horwood, London, UK.
3. Aminuddin M, Iqbal J (2000),  Theory  and  Practice  of  Chromato-
graphy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan.
4. Beckett AH, Stennlake JB, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Part I and II, The Aulton Press, London, UK.
5. Knevel AM, Digangi FE, Jenkins’s quantitative Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, USA.
6.  Braithwaite, Smith FJ, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and
Hall, London, UK.
7.  Heftmann E (1975), Chromatography, Von Nostrond Reinheld Co, New York,
USA.
8.  Pryde, Gilbert MJ (1979), Applications of High Performance Liquid
Chromatography, Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
9.  Stahl E (1969), Thin Layer Chromatography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
10. Hamilton R, Sewell PA (1982), Introduction to HPLC, , Chapman & Hall,
London, UK.

PHM 318   PHARMACEUTICS-VI (Community Pharmacy)
                                                                            (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
The subject will be taught to Pharm. D. students for giving the basic knowledge of different definitions and background of community pharmacy, importance of communication with patients, imparting knowledge about different methods used to control drug abuse and misuse and for identifying the role of pharmacist as public health educator in the community for drug monitoring and information. 

Course Contents:
1.  DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND.

2.  PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY PHARMACY: Epidemeology
& its Control, Preventive Health  (EPI & CDC), Family Planning and
Health Policy & National Drug Policy.

3.  PATIENT ASSESSMENT.
4.  MEDICAL COMPLICATION OF DRUG TAKING: General and Socio-
economic Aspects.
5.  PATIENT PHARMACIST COMMUNICATION.
6.  PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNCELLING.
7.  CONTROL OF DRUG ABUSE AND MISUSE.
8.  ROLE OF PHARMACIST: As Public Health Educator in the Community
for Drug Monitoring and Drug Information.
Recommended Books
1. Robertson R, Management of Drug Users in the Community: A
Practical Handbook.
2.  Remington’s  Pharmaceutical  Sciences (2001),  Mack  Publishing  Company,
USA.

                                                      FOURTH PROFESSIONAL
SEVENTH SEMESTER

PHM 401   PHARMACEUTICS-VII (Hospital Pharmacy-I)
(Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
The topics included in this course cover different aspects of hospital pharmacy. This course will help the students to understand how a pharmacy fits into the total hospital set-up, about the role of hospital pharmacist, about the pharmacy staff, the standards of practice, and distributive portions of the pharmacy. By completing this course students will also be able to learn some of the clinical and management aspects of hospital pharmacy and role of pharmacist out of hospital setups. 
Course Outline:

1.  INTRODUCTION
(a) Role of Pharmacist in Hospital.
(b) Minimum standards for pharmacies in Institutions/Hospitals.
(c) Research in Hospital Pharmacy.

2.   HOSPITAL AND ITS ORGANIZATION
(a) Classification of Hospitals.
(b) Organizational Pattern.
(c) Administration.
(d) Clinical Departments.
(e) Nursing, Dietectic, Pathology, Blood Bank, Radiology and other
supportive services etc.
(f) Role of Pharmacy in Hospital.
(g) Hospital Finances.

3.   PHARMACY, ITS ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
(a) Pharmacy specialist.
(b) Drug information Centre.
(c) Poison Control Centre and Antidote Bank.
(d) Pharmacy Education.
(e) Determining the need of Professional and other departmental staff.
(f) Professional services rendered.

4.   PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE.

5. THE HOSPITAL FORMULARY
(a) General Principles and guidelines to develop Formulary.
(b) Format.
(c) Preparation of the Formulary & Role of Pharmacist.
(d) Benefits and problems.
(e) Keeping up-to-date Formulary.
(f) Contraceptives.

6.  DISPENSING TO INPATIENTS
(a) Methods of Dispensing & SOP’s.
(b) Unit dose dispensing.
(c) Other concepts of dispensing, Satellite Pharmacy etc.

7.  DISPENSING TO AMBULATORY PATIENTS.

8.  DISTRIBUTION OF CONTROL SUBSTANCES.

9.  DISPENSING DURING OFF-HOURS.

10. SAFE USE OF MEDICATION IN THE HOSPITAL
(a) Medication error.
(b) Evaluation & Precautions of Medication Error.
(c) Role of Pharmacist in Controlling Medication Error.
Recommended Books
1.  Hassan W (1986), Hospital Pharmacy (5th Ed), Lee & Febiger, Washington.
2.  Bukhari NI (2000), Hospital Pharmacy, Aziz Book Depot,Lahore, Pakistan
3.  Stephen M (2003), Hospital  Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical  Press, London.
.

PHM 403      PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-I)
                                                                           (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to develop, among students, the practice of pharmacy in clinical setting especially in a hospital. The concept of clinical pharmacy and the role that the pharmacists are playing internationally will be introduced. By Studying this course will help students to develop understanding of therapeutic drug monitoring, determining toxicities, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions and dosage regimen establishment. It will help them in proper selection of drugs, administration route, as well as guiding patients about the drug therapy. The students will also learn the concept of rational use of drugs, essential drugs and their advantages, drug utilization evaluation and review, practical pharmacokinetics and the role of pharmacist in pharmaceutical care, its scope, management and application. 

Course Contents:

1.  GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACY:
Terminologies, Basic Components and Scope.

2.  PATIENT PROFILE:
(a)  Patient disease profile.
(b) Taking case History.
(c) Drug Profile of 25 Drugs (Adrenaline, Aminoglycosides, Anti TB
Drugs,  Antiepileptics,  Atropine,  Benzodiazepines,  Cepahlospo-
rins,   Chlorpheniramine,   Cimetidine,   Digoxin,   Dobutamine,
Dopamine,  Fluroquinolone,  Frusemide,  Lactulose,  Macrolides,
Metoclopramide, Morphine/Pethedine, Nifedipine, NSAIDS, ORS,
Penicillins, Prednisolone, Salbutamol, Vancomycin)

3.  CLINICAL TRIALS OF DRUG SUBSTANCES.
Designing  of  clinical  trials,  Types  of  trials,  Choice  of  patients, Exclusion of patients and Monitoring a clinical trial.

4.  EMERGENCY TREATMENT.

                            PHM 405    PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-I)
                                                                   (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This lab. course will help students understand the importance of therapeutic drug monitoring, toxicities, drug interactions and dosage regimen establishment. It will also make them learn the concepts of rational use of drugs, essential drugs and their advantages, drug utilization evaluation and review, practical pharmacokinetics and the role of pharmacist in pharmaceutical care, its scope, management and application.
Course Contents:
Clerkship  in  the  Clinical  setting.  A  project  related  to  Clinical  Pharmacy Practices  will  be  completed  by  the  students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.
Recommended Books
1. Walker R (2003), Clinical Pharmacy&Therapeutics (3rd Ed.), Churchill
Levingstone, London, UK.
2. Paul G (2000), A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black
Well,US.
3.  Herfindal  G (1992), Clinical  Pharmacy  &  Therapeutics, William&          Willkins, London.
4.  Winfield AJ (1998), Pharmaceutical Practice (2nd Ed), Churchill Levingston, London.
5.  Taylor K (1998), Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York.
6. Rosenbaun D, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book (2nd
Ed), Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA.
7. Cook S, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to
Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK.
8.  Joseph T, Dipiro (2003), Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy, Marcel Dekker Publishing.
9.  Dipiro JT (2002), Encyclopedia of Pharmacy, Marcel Dekker Publishing.
10. Rantucci MJ (1997), Pharmacist Talking with Patients.
11. Smith GDG, Aronson JK (1990), Oxford Text  Book  of  Clinical
Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford Universotu Press, UK.
12. Hansten P, Horn J (1989), Drug interactions, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia,
USA.

PHM 407       PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-I)
                                                                               (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to teach Pharm. D. students  different techniques being used in Pharmaceutical Industry. After studying this course, the students will become able to understand the manufacturing of different dosage forms at large scale. The understanding of techniques for preparation of these dosage forms, latest advances in product formulation, techniques and technology for their production will help the students in future to work in Pharmaceutical Industry as a Pharmacist.

Course Contents:

1.  MASS TRANSFER.

2.  HEAT TRANSFER.

3.  DRYING: Theories of drying, Drying of Solids, Classification of dryers,
General  Methods,  Fluidized  Bed  systems,  Pneumatic  systems,  Spray
dryer, Freeze dying.

4.  MIXING:  Fundamentals,  Mechanisms,  Mixing  Equipment  used  in
Liquid/Liquid, Liquid/Solid and solid/solid mixing, Communition (size
reduction), Reasons for size reduction, Factors affecting size reduction,
size analysis, Sieving,   Energy Mills (Ball Mill.   Endrumer, Edge Rumer,
Disintegrant, Colloid Mill, Hammer Mill, Cutter Mill, and Fluid Energy
Mill etc.).

5.  CLARIFICATION AND FILTERATION: Theory, Filter media, Filter
aids, Filter selection and Equipment (Leaf filter, Filter press, Melta filters
and Rotary filters).

6.  EVAPORATION: General principles of Evaporation, Evaporators and
Evaporation under reduced pressure.

7.  COMPRESSION AND COMPACTION: The solid-air Interface, Angle
of Repose, Flow rates, Mass volume relationship, Density, Heckel Plots,
Consolidation, Granulation, Friability, Compression  (dry method, wet
method, slugging), Physics of Tabletting, tabletting machines and other
equipment  required,  problems  involved  in  tabletting,  tablet  coating,
Capsulation (Hard and Soft gelatin capsules).

8.  SAFETY METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:
(a) Mechanical, chemical and fire hazards problems.
(b) Inflammable gases and dusts.

PHM 409   PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-I)
                                                                   (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objective:
The objective of this course is to provide students with practical knowledge of various formulation techniques, formulation of different dosage forms and their small scale preparation in the laboratory. The students will also learn the GMP and Standard Operating Procedures.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g. Manufacture of Tablets by Wet Granulation Method, by
Slugging  and  by  Direct  Compression.  Coating  of  Tablets (Sugar
Coating, Film coatingand Enteric Coating). Clarification of liquids by various processes. Size Reduction. Homogenization.
Recommended Books
1.  Lackman V (1987),  Theory  and  Practice  of  Industrial  Pharmacy,
Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, India.
2.  Cooper, Gunn’s (1986), Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
New Delhi, India.
3. Bently (1986), Bentley’s Pharmaceutical Text Book, CBS Publishers &      Distributors, New Delhi, India.
4.  Remington’s  Pharmaceutical  Sciences (2001),  Mack  Publishing  Company,
USA.
5. Sharp J, Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice, Rational
and Compliance.

PHM 411   PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics-1)

(Theory)  Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to teach students the concepts of bioavailability and administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. The students will also be able to learn the drug pharmacokinetic parameters, dosage regime design, therapeutic drug monitoring, in-vivo evaluation of drugs and their bioavailability studies.

Course Contents:

1  DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY:
Biopharmaceutics,  Generic  Equivalence,  Bioavailability,  Bioequivalence, Drug Disposition, Therapeutics, Pharmacokinetics, Biotransformation and Therapeutic Equivalents.

2.  GASTRO-INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
CONSIDERATIONS.
Forces which help in transmembrane movements, pH Partition Theory, Lipid Solubility and Factors affecting Bioavailability.
3.  BIOAVAILABILITY STUDIES:             
Purpose, Relative and Absolute Bioavailability, and Determination of Bioavailability.

4.   FACTORS   AFFECTING   DISSOLUTION   IN   RESPECT   OF
BIOAVAILABILITY:
Methods of in-vitro and in-vivo determination of rate of dissolution.

5.  MULTIPLE DOSAGE REGEMIN.

6.  INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS.

7.  BIOPHARMACEUTICAL AND PHARMACOKINETIC ASPECTS IN
DEVELOPING A DOSAGE FORM.

PHM 413   PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics-I)
                                                                    (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)

Course Objective:
The main objective of this course is to educate the students how to perform the dissolution of various pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. The students will also be able to learn how to measure the various bioavailability, bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs or their products manufactured in different pharmaceutical companies. Practicals will also be conducted to make students understand Urinary sampling techniques and to learn how to measure the renal excretion of drugs.
Course Contents:

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g. Blood Sampling Techniques: In Laboratory Animals
like dog, rabbits, mice etc.    In human beings, In-vitro dissolution
studies, Optional  dose  determination,  Measurement  of  rate  of
Bioavailability,   Determination   of   relative   and   absolute   bio-
availability.
Recommended Books
1.  Shargel L (1999), Applied  Pharmacokinetics  and  Biopharmaceutics
(4thEd), Appleton & Lange, New York, USA.
2. Rouland M, Tozer TN (1995), Clinical Pharmacokinetics,
William & Willkins, London, UK.
3. Gibaldi M (1982),  Biopharmaceutics  and  Clinical  Pharmacokinetics,
Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, USA.
4.  Gibbson, Skett (1986), Introduction to Drug Metabolism, Champ & Hall,
London.
5. Notari RE (1988), Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics,
Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York USA.
6.  Curry SH (1977), Drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, Black Well
Scientific Publishing, Oxford UK.
7. Yacobi A (1989),  Toxicokinetics  and  New  Drug  Development,
Paramount Press, New York USA.
8. Niazi S (1985), Text   Book   of   Biopharmaceutics   and   Clinical
Pharmacokinetics. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, USA.
9. Macheras P, Reppas C, Dressman J B (1995), Biopharmaceutics of orally
administered drugs, Ellis Horwood Limited, London,UK.
10. Albert P Li (2004), Invitro approaches for evaluation of drug efficacy and
toxicity, CRC Press LLC, USA.
11. Schoenwald RD (2002), Pharmacokinetics in  drug  discovery  and
Development, CRC Press, LLC, USA.

PHM 415   PHARMACEUTICS-XI (Pharmaceutical Quality Management-I)
                                                                                (Theory)      Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The contents of this course will develop, among students, understanding of the major principles of the quality assurance, testing, quality control and methods adopted in a pharmaceutical industry for the dosage form control, process control, testing program and methods which include physical, chemical and biological tests and their specifications. After completion of this course the students will also be able to use statistical tools for continuous improvement in the quality of products.

Course Contents:

1.  SCOPE
(a)  An  understanding  of  the  testing,  quality  control  programme  and
methods adopted in a pharmaceutical industry, dosage form control,
process control, testing program and methods, physical, chemical and
biological tests and specifications, statitical quality control.
(b) General understanding of Total Quality Assurance and measures to
adopt Quality Assurance.

2.  QUALITY CONTROL OF SOLID DOSAGE FORMS:
(a) Physical  tests:  Hardness,  Thickness  and  Diameter,  Friability,
Disintegration, Weight Variation.
(b) Chemical tests: Content uniformity, Assay of active ingredients and
dissolution tests of Powders, Granules, Tablets and Capsules.

3.  QUALITY CONTROL OF SYRUPS AND ELIXIRS:
Viscosity, its determiantion and application in the Quality Control of Pharmaceuticals, Weight per ml and Assay of active ingredients.

4.  EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED ACTION PRODUCTS (TABLETS &
CAPSULES):
Stability of viability rate during storage and In-vitro & In-vivo evaluation of sustaining action.

5.  QUALITY CONTROL OF SUPPOSITORIES
Disintegration test, Uniformity of weight, Assay of active ingredients, Liqefaction time test and Breaking test.
6.  QUALITY CONTROL OF STERILE PRODUCTS (PARENTERALS)
Leaker’s test, Clarity test, Pyrogen test for parenterals and other sterile preparations and Assay for active ingredients.

PHM 417  PHARMACEUTICS-XI (Pharmaceutical Quality Management-I)
                                                                           (Laboratory)    Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)

Course Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to develop, in students, the understanding of the application of different techniques used in the quality control of the pharmaceuticals. After completion of this course students will be able to understand drug testing methodologies and Standard Operating Procedures regarding Laboratory operations.
Course Contents:

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g. Assay of various spirits, tinctures, extracts, syrups and
elixirs, Assay of Ointments and suppositories, Assay of tablets and
capsules,  Test  for  alkalinity  of  glass,  Determiantion  of  alcohol
contents in the Pharmaceutical preparations and Pyrogen test.
Recommended Books
1. Beckett AH, Stennlake JB, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Part-I and II, The Alton Press, London.
2. Knevel M, Digangi FE, Jenkin’s Quantitative Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
3. Connors KA, A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis, John — Wiley
and Sons, New York.
4. Braithwaite, Smith FG, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and
Hall, London, UK.
5.  Christian GD, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York USA.
6. Javaid JK (1993),  Pharmaceutical  Quality  Assurance  in  Class,
Industry and Market, Aziz Publishers, Lahore-Pakistan.
7. Bismuth G, Neumann S (2003), Cleaning Validation, A practical
approach. CRC Press, LLC, USA.
8.  Carstersen J  T , Rhodes C  T(2000)  ,  Drug  Stability:  Principles  and
Practices (3rd Ed), Mercel Dekker, New York, USA.
9. Willig SH,  Good  Manufacturing  Practices  for  Pharmaceu-
ticals, Marcel Dekker Publishing.
10. Bryant R (1989), The pharmaceutical Quality Control Hand Book, Aster
Publishing Corporation, Eugene.
11. Braun R E (1987), Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book
Co, NY. 

EIGHTH SEMESTER

PHM 402      PHARMACEUTICS-XII (Hospital Pharmacy-II)
                                                                            (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to give students understanding about different aspects of hospital pharmacy. The students will be able to gain knowledge about manufacturing of bulk and sterile dosage forms, sterile storage room, aseptic dispensing, their role in small hospitals and in purchase of medicines in hospitals and many other aspects and duties of hospital pharmacist. By completing this course students will be able to understand, among others, some of the clinical and management aspects of hospital pharmacy. 
Course Outline:
1.  MANUFACTURING BULK AND STERILE.

2.  THE PHARMACY-CENTRAL STERILE SUPPLY ROOM.

3.  ASEPTIC DISPENSING
TPN, I/V Admixtures, Cytotoxic Dispensing, Semi-sterile Dispensing (Eye drops, Ear drops) and Hyperailimentation.
4.  ROLE  OF  PHARMACISTS  IN  SMALL  HOSPITALS,  NURSING
HOMES ETC:
5.  PURCHASING,  DISTRIBUTION  AND  CONTROL  OF  HOSPITAL
MEDICINES, MEDICAL & SURGICAL SUPPLIES:
Purchasing,  Stocking,  Stock  Control,  Inventory  Management,  Drug Distribution, Relationship between purchasing, Distribution and Clinical Pharmacy Services.
6.  NUCLEAR PHARMACY.

7.  THE PHYSICAL PLANT AND ITS EQUIPMENT

8.  INVESTIGATIONAL USE OF DRUGS.

9.  HEALTH ACCESSORIES.

10. SURGICAL SUPPLIES.

11. INSPECTION OF WARDS WITH REFERENCE TO DRUG STORAGE
AND ADMINISTRATION.

12. MANAGEMENT OF ACCIDENT & EMERGENCY PHARMACY (A
& E).

13. COMMON KNOWLEDGE OF ABOUT  100 DRUGS REGISTERED
BY MINISTRY OF HEALTH, GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN.
Recommended Books
1.  Hassan W (1986), Hospital Pharmacy(5th Ed), Lee & Febiger, Washington.
2.  Bukhari NI (2000), Hospital Pharmacy, Aziz Book Depot,Lahore, Pakistan
3.  Stephen M (2003), Hospital  Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical  Press, London.
.

PHM 404      PHARMACEUTICS-XIII (Clinical Pharmacy-II)
                                                                           (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course of clinical pharmacy is to teach students about the practice of pharmacy in clinical setting especially in a hospital. After completing this course, students will be able to understand the concepts of drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, drug induced diseases, dosage regimen establishment and utilization of clinical drugs literature. This course will help them for proper selection of drugs, administration route, as well as guiding patients about the drug therapy.

Course Contents:

1.  DRUG INTERACTIONS:
Mechanism, Physiological factors affecting interaction, Types and level of drug interactions, Role of pharmacist in evaluating drug interactions & its management.
2.  ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS:
Adverse  Drug  Reactions  and  Side  Effects:  Classification,  Excessive pharmacological  response,  Idiosyncrasy,  Secondary  pharmacological effects, Allergic drug reactions, General toxicity, Toxicity following drug withdrawal, Detection, reporting & Management of ADR.

3.  DRUG INDUCED DISEASES.

4.  COMPUTERS IN CLINICAL PHARMACY:

5.  UTILIZATION  OF  CLINICAL  DRUG  LITERATURE:  Introduction,
Drug literature selection, Drug literature evaluation and Drug literature
communication.

PHM 406      PHARMACEUTICS-XIII (Clinical Pharmacy-II)
                                                                   (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This course will help students to understand the importance of therapeutic drug monitoring, drug interactions, toxicities and dosage regimen establishment. They will be able to properly understand the concept of rational use of drugs, essential drugs and their advantages, drug utilization evaluation and review and the role of pharmacist in pharmaceutical care, its scope, management and application.
Course Contents:
Clerkship  in  the  Clinical  setting.  A  project  related  to  Clinical  Pharmacy Practices  will  be  completed  by  the  students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.
Recommended Books
1. Walker R (2003), Clinical Pharmacy&Therapeutics (3rd Ed), Churchill
Levingstone, London.
2. Paul G (2000), A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black
Well,US
3.  Herfindal  GH (1992), Clinical  Pharmacy  &  Therapeutics, William and Willkins, London, UK.
4.  Winfield A J (1998), Pharmaceutical Practice (2nd Ed), Churchill Levingston, London, UK.
5.  Taylor K (1998), Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York.
6. Rosenbaun D, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book (2nd
Ed), Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA.
7. Cook S, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to
Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK.
8.  Joseph T, Dipiro (2003), Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy, Marcel Dekker                     Publishing.
9.  Joseph T, Dipiro (2002), Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing.
10. Rantucci MJ (1997), Pharmacist Talking with Patients.
11. Smith GDG, Aronson JK (1990), Oxford  Text  Book  of  Clinical
Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford Universotu Press, UK.
12. Hansten P, Horn J (1989), Drug interactions, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia,
USA.

PHM 408       PHARMACEUTICS-XIV (Industrial Pharmacy-II)
                                                                            (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
This course will give the students understanding about different equipments and techniques used in the industry for the formulation of different drug dosage forms. After completion of this course students will also be able to understand the standardization of pharmaceuticals and their packing together with GMP of pharmaceutical industries. 

Course Outline:

1.  EMULSIONS:
Mechanical  Equipments,  Specific  formulation  Considerations  and Emulsion stability.

2.  SUSPENSIONS:
Formulation  of  suspensions,  Equipment  used  in  preparation  and  test methods for pharmaceutical suspensions.

3.  SEMISOLIDS:

Equipment used for Ointments, Pastes, Gels and Jellies. Packaging of ointments.
4.  STERILE PRODUCTS:
Sterile area and its Classification, Ophthalmic ointments, Preparation of praenterals (Building, Equipment), Complete Sterility (Aseptic area), air control, (Laminar  flow  etc.),  air  locks,  Environmental  monitoring methods, Sterilization, Filling/Packaging (Plastic and glass containers), Added substances  (Preservatives, antioxidants, solubilizer, suspending agents, buffers, stabilizers etc.), Inprocess Quality Control of Parenterals (Sterility, leakage, pyrogens, clarity etc.).

5.  STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS:
An understanding of quality assurance system adopted in pharmaceutical industry. Good Manufacturing Practices and Current Good Manufacturing Practices.
6.  PACKING & PACKAGING:
Influence of Packaging materials, Stability, Packaging Lines, Packaging Area, Packaging Equipment.

7.  EQUIPMENTS USED FOR:
Patches, Sprays, Implants, Sutures, Plasters and Sachet packing.

8.  STUDY TOUR:
A visit to the pharmaceutical industries will be an integral part of the syllabi.

PHM 410   PHARMACEUTICS-XIV (Industrial Pharmacy-II)
                                                                (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objective:
This course will introduce students practically with various formulation techniques, formulation of different dosage forms and different test for the evaluation of quality of tablets including disintegration, dissolution, friability, hardness and thickness.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g.

1.  Ampoule  filling,  sealing  and  sterilization  clarity  and  leakage  tests  in
injectables.
2.  Capsule filling by semi automatic machines. Manufacture of sustained action
drugs.
3.  Tablets  Tests  like  Disintegration.  Dissolution.  Friability.  Hardness  and
thickness tests. Determination of weight variation in tablets. Density of
powder.  Particle size analysis.

Recommended Books
1.  Lackman (1987),  Theory  and  Practice  of  Industrial  Pharmacy,  Verghese
Publishing House, Bombay India.
2.  Cooper, Gunn’s (1986), Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
New Delhi India.
3. Bently (1986), Bentley’s Pharmaceutical Text Book, CBS Publishers &      Distributors, New Delhi, India.
4.  Remington’s  Pharmaceutical  Sciences (2001),  Mack  Publishing  Company,
USA.
5. Sharp J, Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice, Rational
and Compliance.

    PHM 412      PHARMACEUTICS-XV (Biopharmaceutics-II)
                                                                           (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to teach the students about the concepts of bioavailability and administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. The students will also be able to learn the drug pharmacokinetic parameters, dosage regime design, therapeutic drug monitoring, in-vivo drug evaluation.

Course Outline:

1.  INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETICS:
Determination  through  plasma  drug  level  studies.  Application  of pharmacokinetics in clinical situations.
2.  CONCEPT OF COMPARTMENT (S) MODELS:
One compartment open model. Two compartment open model. Three
compartment open model and Non-compartmental method of analysis.

3.  BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE AND VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION:
Concept and Methods of Determination.

4.  DRUG CLEARANCE:
Mechanism, determination and relationship of clearance with half-life.

5.  ELIMINATION OF DRUGS:
a)  Hepatic Elimination. Percent of Drug Metabolized, Drug Biotransfor-
mation reactions, (Phase-I reactions and phase-II reactions), First pass
effect, Hepatic clearance of protein bound drugs and Biliary excretion
of drugs.
b) Renal Excretion of Drugs: Renal clearance, Tubular Secretion and
Tubular Reabsorption.
c) Elimination  of  Drugs  through  other  organs:  Pulmonary  excretion,
Salivary excretion, Mammary excretion, Skin excretion and Genital
excretion.

6.  PROTEIN BINDING:
Determination of plasma protein binding and Clinical significance of drug-protein binding.

7.  APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOAVAILABI-
LITY IN CLINICAL SITUATIONS.

PHM 414   PHARMACEUTICS-XV (Biopharmaceutics-II)
                                                                  (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to educate the students how to perform practically the dissolution tests of various pharmaceutical solid dosage forms and to train them how to measure and evaluate the various bioavailability, bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic parameters of different drugs. After completion of this course students will also be able to understand urinary sampling techniques and measurement of the renal excretion of drugs.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g.

1.  Plasma level-time curve: Determination of Pharmacokinetic parameters.
2.  Determination of plasma protein binding.
3.  Urinary sampling techniques.
4.  In  Laboratory  animals.  In  humans.  Renal  excretion  of  drugs  or  drug
disposition.
Recommended Books
1.  Shargel L (1999), Applied  Pharmacokinetics  and  Biopharmaceutics
(4thEd), Appleton & Lange, New York, USA.
2. Rouland M, Tozer TN (1995), Clinical Pharmacokinetics,
William & Willkins, London, UK.
3. Gibaldi M (1982),  Biopharmaceutics  and  Clinical  Pharmacokinetics,
Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, USA.
4.  Gibbson, Skett (1986), Introduction to Drug Metabolism, Champ & Hall,
London, UK.
5. Notari RE (1988), Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics,
Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York USA.
6.  Curry SH (1977), Drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, Black Well
Scientific Publishing, Oxford, UK.
7. Yacobi A (1989),  Toxicokinetics  and  New  Drug  Development,
Paramount Press, New York, USA.
8. Niazi S (1985), Text   Book   of   Biopharmaceutics   and   Clinical
Pharmacokinetics. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, USA.
9. Macheras P, Reppas C, Dressman J B (1995), Biopharmaceutics of orally
administered drugs, Ellis Horwood Limited, London,UK.
10. Albert P Li (2004), Invitro approaches for evaluation of drug efficacy and
toxicity, CRC Press LLC, USA.
11. Schoenwald RD (2002), Pharmacokinetics  in  drug  discovery  and
Development, CRC Press, LLC, USA

PHM 416 PHARMACEUTICS-XVI (Pharmaceutical Quality Managements-II)
                                                                                 (Theory)     Cr. Hr.  3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to teach students different kinds of teats used for the quality assurance, testing and quality control of pharmaceuticals. These methods will include physical, chemical and biological tests and their specifications. This course will also enable students to use statistical tools for continuous improvement in the quality of products.

Course Outline

1.  BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS: Biological methods, Standard praprations and
units of activity, Bioassay of antibiotics, Bioassay of insulin injection,
Assay of prepared digitalis and Assay of Vitamin D.

2.  ALCOHOL  DETERMIANTION:  Alcoholometric  methods,  Problem
during distillation of alcohol, Method for liquids containing less than
30% or more than 30% alcohol and special treatment before distillation.
3.  ALKALOIDAL  DRUG  ASSAY:  Weighing  for  assay,  Extraction  of
drugs, Maceration, Percolation, Continuous extraction, Puriifcation of
Alkaloids and determination of alkaloids.

4.  MISCELLANEOUS DETERMINATIONS AND TESTS: Determiantion
of weight/ml, Water/Moisture content, Loss on Drying, Toxicity tests &
Identification tests, Evaluation of Ointments, Ash contents and Alkalinity
of Glass.

5.  GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF APPENDICES ATTACHED TO B.P.,
BPC, AND USP.

6.  STATISTICAL   INTERPRETATION   OF   QUALITY   CONTROL
CHARTS DURING MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.

PHM 418 PHARMACEUTICS-XVI (Pharmaceutical Quality Managements-II)
                                                                               (Laboratory)  Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to apply different analytical techniques used in the quality control of the pharmaceuticals. It will help students to understand various drug testing methodologies and will enable them to learn Standard Operating Procedures regarding Laboratory operations.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities,   e.g.   Sterility   test,   Determiantion   of   Ash   contents,
Determination of Moisture contents, Determination of total solids,
Determination  of  viscosity  of  syrups,  gels,  etc.,  Determination  of
emulsion types.

Recommended Books
1. Beckett AH, Stennlake JB, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Part-I and II, The Alton Press, London.
2. Knevel M, Digangi FE, Jenkin’s Quantitative Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
3. Connors KA, A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis, John — Wiley
and Sons, New York.
4. Braithwaite, Smith FG, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and
Hall, London, UK.
5.  Christian GD, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York USA.
6. Javaid JK (1993),  Pharmaceutical  Quality  Assurance  in  Class,
Industry and Market, Aziz Publishers, Lahore-Pakistan.
7. Bismuth G, Neumann S(2003), Cleaning Validation, A practical
approach. CRC Press, LLC, USA.
8.  Carstersen J  T , Rhodes C  T(2000)  ,  Drug  Stability:  Principles  and
Practices (3rd Ed), Mercel Dekker, New York, USA.
9. Willig SH,  Good  Manufacturing  Practices  for  Pharmaceu-
ticals, Marcel Dekker Publishing.
10. Bryant R (1989), The pharmaceutical Quality Control Hand Book, Aster
Publishing Corporation, Eugene.
11. Braun R E (1987), Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book
Co, NY, USA. 

FINAL PROFESSIONAL (FIFTH) PHARM-D

NINTH SEMESTER

PHM 501 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-V (Medicinal Chemistry-I)
                                                                        (Theory)        Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
Objective of teaching this paper of medicinal chemistry to pharmacy students include;
To develop among students the understanding of chemical constitution and biological activity of drug compounds.
To teach the students about drug design and development.
To teach them chemistry, biological activity, relationship between structure and activity and therapeutic applications of various classes of drug compounds.
After completing this course students will be able to understand the applications of medicinal chemistry for pharmaceutical drug design, development and manufacturing. 
Course Outline
Note:-   The   topics   will   be   taught   with   special   reference   to   their
Pharmaceutical Applications.

1.  INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY:
Chemical  constitution  and  biological  activity:             (Receptor,  Theory,
Structure Activity Relationships (SAR) and Drug Metabolism).

2.  CLASSIFICATION OF SYNTHETIC DRUGS:
Drug Design and recent appraoches to the synthesis of drugs  (a brief concept of methods and reactions of synthesis of various drugs).
3.  GENERAL   PROPERTIES,   CHEMISTRY              (General   methods   of
determination,   the   structure   &   isolation   from   natural   source), BIOLOGICAL ACTION, STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF THE FOLLOWING:
a) Alicyclic  Compounds:  Cyclopropane,  Terpenes,  Citral,  Pinene,
Camphor, Menthol, Carotenes.
b) Alkaloids:  Atropine,  Morphine  and  related  compounds           (Codeine,
Thebaine), Ergotamine, Reserpine, Ephedrine.
c) Vitamins:  Water  Soluble  Vitamins         (B1,  B2,  B6,  B12,  Folic  acid,
Nicotinic  acid,  Biotin,  Pantothenic  acid  and  Ascorbic  acid)  Fat Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
d) Hormones:   Steroidal   Hormones             (Testosterone,   Progesterone,
Estrogen, Aldosteron and Cortisol), Proteinous Hormones  (Insulin, Glucagon, Oxytocin and Vassopressin).
e) Anti-neoplastic  Agents:  Tamoxifen,  Fluorouracil,  Mercapturine,
Methotrexate and Vincristine.
f)  Sedatives  and  Hypnotics:  Benzodiazepines,  Barbiturates,  Paralde-
hyde, Glutethimide, Chloral hydrate, and alcohols.
g) Anaesthetics:  Local  anaesthetics        (Procaine,  Lignocaine,  Eucaine,
Cocaine  and  Benzocaine),  General  anaesthetics             (Cyclopropane,
Halothane, Nitrous oxide, Chloroform, Thiopental Sodium, Ketamine, Methohexital,  Thioamylal  Sodium,  Fantanyl  Citrate,  Tribromo ethanol).
h) Analgesics and Antipyretics: Paracetamol, Salicylic acid analogues,
Quinolines   derivatives,   Pyrazolone   and   Pyrazolodiones,   N-
arylanthranilic acids, Aryl and heteroaryl acetic acid derivatives.

PHM 503  PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-V (Medicinal Chemistry-I)
                                                                    (Laboratory)    Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
The objective of this laboratory course is to demonstrate some of the material included in the course lectures and to teach students practically functional group estimation and synthesis of different pharmaceutically important drug compounds.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g.

1.  Estimation of functional groups; Carboxylic, Hydroxy, Amino and Nitro
groups; Determination of Molecular weights of Organic Compounds.
2.  Synthesis of Paracetamol, Salicylic Acid, Methyl salicylate, Azobenzene,
Benzoic Acid, 5-Hydroxy-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one, Aspirin, P-nitrosophenol,
3-nitrophthalic acid, o-Chloro-benzoic acid.
Recommended Books
1.  Martin, Cook (2001),  Remington  Practice  of  Pharmaceutical  Science,
Mack Publishing Company, USA.
2.  Foye WO (1995), Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Verghese Publising House, Bomby,India.
3.  Tyagi (1990), Text Book of Synthetic Drugs, Anmol Publications, Delhi,India.
4. Burger A (1996), Medicinal Chemistry, Jhon Willey & Sons, New York,
USA.
5.  Block,  Roche,  Soine , Wilson (1986),   Inorganic   and   Medicinal
Pharmaceutical  Chemistry,  Verghese  Publishing  House,  Bombay,India.
6. Block, Roche, Soine, Wilson (1983), Inorganic   and   Medicinal
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.

PHM 505    PHARMACEUTICS-XVII (Clinical Pharmacy-III)
                                                                           (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to develop among students understanding about the practice of pharmacy in clinical setting especially in a hospital.  After completing this course students will be able to understand the concept of rational use of drugs, essential drugs & their advantages, drug utilization evaluation & review, practical pharmacokinetics and the role of pharmacist in pharmaceutical care, its scope, management and application. 

Course Contents:
1.  RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS: Rational Presribing, Rational Dispensing,
Problems  of  Irrational  Drug  Use, Learning  about drug use problem,
Sampling to study drug use, Indicators of drug use.

2.  INTRODUCTION  TO  ESSENTIAL  DRUGS:  Criteria  for  selection,
Usage and Advantages.
3.  DRUG  UTILZATION  EVALUATION  &  DRUG  UTILIZATION
REVIEW (DUE/DUR): Development of protocol of use of few very low
therapeutic index drug groups like Steroids, Vancomycin and Cimetidine.

4.  DRUG ABUSE & MISUSE.
5.  PRACTICAL PHARMACOKINETICS: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of
Digoxin, Theophyline, Gentamycin, Lithium, Phenytoin, Cabamazepine,
Phenobarbitone,   Primidone,   Walparic   Acid,   Cyclosporins   and
Vancomycin.

6.  PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDIES.

PHM 507      PHARMACEUTICS-XVII (Clinical Pharmacy-III)
                                                                  (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)

Course Objectives:
This course will help students to learn practically about the importance of rational use of drugs, therapeutic drug monitoring, drug abuses and misuses and dosage regimen establishment. After completing this course students will be able to understand the role of pharmacist in pharmaceutical care systems, its scope, management and application.
Course Contents:
Clerkship  in  the  Clinical  setting.  A  project  related  to  Clinical  Pharmacy Practices  will  be  completed  by  the  students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.
Recommended Books
1. Walker R (2003), Clinical Pharmacy&Therapeutics (3rd Ed), Churchill
Levingstone, London.
2. Paul G(2000), A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black
Well,US
3.  Herfindal  GH (1992), Clinical  Pharmacy  &  Therapeutics, William and Willkins, London.
4.  Winfield A J (1998), Pharmaceutical Practice (2nd Ed), Churchill Levingston, London.
5.  Taylor K (1998), Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York.
6. Rosenbaun D, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book (2nd
Ed), Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA.
7. Cook S, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to
Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK.
8.  Joseph T, Dipiro (2003), Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy, Marcel Dekker                     Publishing.
9.  Joseph T, Dipiro (2002), Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing.
10. Rantucci MJ (1997), Pharmacist Talking with Patients.
11. Smith GDG, Aronson JK (1990), Oxford  Text  Book  of  Clinical
Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford Universotu Press, UK.
12. Hansten P, Horn J (1989), Drug interactions, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia,
USA.

PHM 509     PHARMACEUTICS-XVIII (Pharmaceutical Technology-I)
                                                                                 (Theory)          Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
By studying the contents of this course, the students will learn the techniques and methods of formulation development especially with reference to advanced formulation techniques and novel drug delivery systems.

Course Outline:

1.  PRINCIPLES   OF   PHARMACEUTICAL   FORMULATION   AND
DOSAGE FORM DESIGN: Product Formulation, Need for Dosage Form
and Preformulation Studies.

2.  FORMULATION    DEVELOPMENT:    Pharmaceutical    Aerosoles,
Ophthalmic Preparations, and Parenteral Preparations.

3.  ADVANCED  FORMULATION  TECHNIQUES:  Development  of  a
formualtion  methodology  and  flow  plan  for  the  new  product.  New
technologies in drug delivery system.

4.  NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:
a) Introduction  to  the  Drug  Carrier:  Liposomes,  Niosomes  and
Biodegradable polymers.
b) Active & Passive Drug Delivery System.
c) Other Novel GIT Systems.

PHM 511     PHARMACEUTICS-XVIII (Pharmaceutical Technology-I)
                                                                       (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This course will make the students to understand the technological basis for the preparation of different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms, both conventional and innovative formulations. The students will also be able to learn the drug delivery systems and will perform in-vitro quality control tests of various drug dosage forms.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
requirements,  e.g.  Various  techniques  to  develop  the  formulation,
Granulation  technology,  Study  of  drug  delivery  systems,  Bio-
technological aspect of product development, In-vitro Quality Control
of various dosage forms.
Recommended Books
1 Hellery AM (2001), Drug  delivery  and  targeting,  Taylor  &  Francis,
London, UK.
2. Robinson JR(1987), Controlled drug delivery (2nd Ed), Marcel & Dakker Inc, New York, USA.
3.  Ramabhadran  TV (1994),  Pharmaceutical  design  and  development,  Ellis Horwood, New York, USA.
4. Aulton ME (1998),  Pharmaceutics:  Science  of  Dosage  Forms  Design,
ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London,UK.
5.  Banker (1990), Modern pharmaceutics, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York,USA.
6. Bontempo JA (1997),  Development  of  biopharmaceutical  parenteral
dosage forms, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York,USA.
7. Jain NK (1997), Controlled and Novel drug delivery, CBS Publishers & Distributers, New Dehi,India.
8.  Ansel (1990), Pharmaceutical Dosage Form in Drug Delivery System, Lee & Febiger, London,UK.
9. Attaurahman, Chaudry MI (2001),  Bioassay  techniques  for  drug
development, CRC Press, LLC, USA.
10. Gupta PK (1999), Inject able drug development, CRC Press, LLC,
USA.
11. Smith HJ (1998), Introduction to the principals of drug design and
action, CRC Press, LLC, USA.
12. Liu R (2000),  Water  Insoluble  Drug  Formulations,  CRC  Press,  LLC,
USA.
13. Peter Blaisdell P (2000), Twenty First Century Pharmaceutical Development.CRC Press, LLC, USA.
14. Lachman L (1986), Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy (3rd Ed), Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia.

PHM 513   PHARMACEUTICS-XIX (Forensic Pharmacy-I)
                                                                           (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
Study of this course will enable the students to become aware about the regulatory control of manufacturing and sale of drugs in Pakistan. The students will be able to know about the laws and procedures regarding Registration and sale of drugs, establishment of retail, wholesale and distribution set ups. By studying this course students will also be able to gain knowledge of Rules and legislation about controlled, poisonous and dangerous drugs.

Course Contents:

STUDY OF DRUG LAWS:
(a) The Drugs Act 1976 and rules framed thereunder.
(b) Provincial Drug Rules (Respective Drug Rules will be taught in the
relevant province).
(c) Advertisement rules.
(d) Other related rules and Legal aspects.
Recommended Books
1.  Hussain RZ (2003), Manual of Drug Laws in Pakistan, Irfan Law Book
House, Lahore, Pakistan.
2.  The Pharmacy Act, 1967.
3.  The Poisons Act, 1919.
4.  The Dangerous Drugs Act 1930.
5.  The Factory Law 1934.
6.  Shop and Establishment Ordinance 1969.
7.  Control of Narcotics Substances Act 1997.

PHM 515   PHARMACEUTICS-XX (Pharmaceutical Management &
         Marketing-I)                                      (Theory)     Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
Pharmaceutical marketing and management course will enable the students to learn about different principles of management and marketing. This course will prepare the students as how to manage different tasks, planning of objectives, how to manage long term and short term targets in pharmaceutical industry, marketing and retail set-ups, strategies to accomplish different goals and management of different tasks within a specified period of time.
Course Contents:
1.  MANAGEMENT:
a) Nature and Principles of Management.
b) Types and Functions of Managers.
c) Planning: Purpose and types of Planning, Steps in Planning.
d) Organizing.
e) Management Control Systems
Purpose:  Steps  in  the  Control  Process,  Forms  of  Operations control. Requirements for adequate control, Critical control points and standards.
f)  Motivation.
g) Innovation and creativity.
h) Communication.

2.  PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT:
(a) Material Management.
Recommended Books
1. Ahmad M & Bukhari NI (2002),  Pharmaceutical  Management  and
Marketing, Tariq Academy, Faisalabad-Pakistan.
2.  Tharp P & Lecca PJ (1979), Pharmacy Management for students
and practitioners, The C V Mosby Company, St. Louis, Toronto, London .
3. Smith HA (1986), Principles & Methods of Pharmacy Management, Lea
& Febiger, Philadelphia.

TENTH SEMESTER

PHM 502 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-VI (Medicinal Chemistry-II)
                                                                               (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
This course has been designed to teach the students chemistry, biological actions, relationship between structure and activity and therapeutic applications of various classes of organic drug compounds and properties, preparations and pharmaceutical importance of official inorganic compounds.
This course will help students to understand the applications of many synthetic medicinal compounds in different drug formulations. 
Course Contents:
Note:-   The   topics   will   be   taught   with   special   reference   to   their
Pharmaceutical Applications.
1.  GENERAL PROPERTIES, CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGICAL ACTION,
STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP AND THERAPEUTIC
APPLICATIONS OF THE FOLLOWING:
(a) Anti-septics:  Phenols  and  related  compounds,  Halogens  and
Halogen compounds, Aromatic acid and esters, Dyes, Nitrofuran
derivatives, Formaldehyde and its derivatives, Mercurochrome and
Thiomersal.
(b) Sulphonamides:    Prontosil,    sulphanilamide,    Sulphapyridine,
sulphadimidine,   Sulfamethoxazole,   Sulfadiazine   and   Sulfa-
furazole.
(c) Antimalarials:   4-Aminoquinolines,    8-Aminoquinolines,    9-Amino
acridines,  Biguanides,  Pyrimidine  analogues,  Mefloquine  and
Cinchoha alkaloids.
(d) Anthelmintics:   Phenols   and   related   compounds,   Piperazine
derivatives, Thiabendazole, Mebendazole and Pyrantal.
(e) Diuretics:  Mercaptomerin,  Meralluride,  Thiazides,  Sprironolac-
tone, Theophylline, Furosemide, Acetazolamiode, Ethacrynic acid
and Triameterene.
(f) Anti-tubercular  Drugs:  Ethambutol,  Isonicotinic  acid,  Hydrazid,
Rifampacin, Thioguanine, Pyrazinamide, cycloserine, Ethunamide,
Cytarabine, 5- Flourouracil and Dacarbazine.
(g) Antiviral  Drugs:  Acyclovir,  Tromantadine  Hydrochloride  and
Ribavirin.
(h) Immunosuppressant Agents: Azathioprine and Cyclosporin.

2.  ANTIBIOTICS:
Penicillins,       Cephalosporins,    Streptomycin,    Chloramphenicol,
Tetracyclines, Kanamycin and Erythromycin.
3.  OCCURANCE,  PROPERTIES,  PREPARATION  AND  APPLICA-
TION OF OFFICIAL INORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
Aluminium  Hydroxide,  Ammonium  Chloride,  Sodium  Carbonate, Magnesium Carbonate, Lithium Carbonate, Sodium Nitrite, Calcium Gluconate, Antimony Gluconate, Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrous Sulfate and Silver Nitrate.

PHM 504  PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-VI (Medicinal Chemistry-II)
                                                                       (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
In this laboratory course students will learn the synthesis and quantitative evaluation of many drug compounds by using various instrumental techniques.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of   the
facilities, e.g.

1.  Assay of the Drugs like Sulpha drugs, Aspirin, Paracetamol, Benzyl
Penicillin.

2.  Inorganic Preparations.
Recommended Books
1.  Martin and Cook (2001),  Remington  Practice  of  Pharmaceutical  Science,
Mack Publishing Company, USA.
2.  Foye WO (1995), Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Verghese Publising House, Bomby,India.
3.  Tyagi (1990), Text Book of Synthetic Drugs, Anmol Publications, Delhi,India.
4. Burger A (1996), Medicinal Chemistry, Jhon Willey & Sons, New York,
USA.
5.  Block,  Roche,  Soine , Wilson (1986),   Inorganic   and   Medicinal
Pharmaceutical  Chemistry,  Verghese  Publishing  House,  Bombay,India.
6. Block, Roche, Soine, Wilson (1983), Inorganic   and   Medicinal
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.

PHM 506     PHARMACEUTICS-XXI (Clinical Pharmacy-IV)
                                                                            (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to develop among students understanding about the practice of pharmacy in clinical settings especially in hospitals.  After completing this course students will be able to understand the role of pharmacists in community pharmacy, clinical therapeutics, clinical toxicology and about safe intra venous therapy and hazards of  intravenous therapy.

Course Contents:
1.  PHARMACEUTICAL CARE, ITS SCOPE, MANAGEMENT AND
APPLICATION OF CARE PLAN.

2.  ROLE   OF   CLINICAL   PHARMACIST   IN   COMMUNITY
PHARMACY.

3.  CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS:
(a) General  Strategy:  Terminology  of  Disease.  Management  and
Treatment. Drug Selection.
(b) Basic  introduction  of  some  clinical  situations,  their  clinical
features,  etiology,  pathophysiology  and  treatment  of  causes:
Common   Cold,   Pharyngitis   and   Tonsilitis,   Pneumonia,
Tuberculosis,  Diarrhea,  Malaria,  Meningitis,  Tetanus,  Typhoid
Fever,  Measles,  Rabies,  AIDS,  Congestive  cardiac  failure,
Conjunctivitis, Anaemia, Gout, Asthma, Ulcer, Diabetes mellitus,
Hypertension, Hapatitis, Dermatology (Scabies, Fungal diseases).
4.  CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY:
(a) General information. Role of pharmacist in treatment of poisoning
and general management of poisoning & overdosage. Role and
Status of Poison Control Centre.
(b) Antidotes and their mechanism of action

5.  SAVE  INTRAVENOUS  THERAPY  &  HAZARDS  OF  INTRA-
VENOUS THERAPY.
6.  NON-COMPLIANCE:
Definition, introduction and importance, Extent of non-compliance, Methods of assessment, Reasons for non-compliance, Strategies for improving compliance and  Designing of compliance trials.

PHM 508   PHARMACEUTICS-XXI (Clinical Pharmacy-IV)
                                                                        (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)

Course Objectives:
This course will help students to learn practically about the importance of clinical therapeutics, clinical toxicology and about safe intra venous therapy and hazards of  intravenous therapy. After completing this course students will be in better position to understand the role of pharmacist in pharmaceutical care systems.
Course Contents:
Clerkship in the Clinical setting.  A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.
Recommended Books
1. Walker R (2003), Clinical Pharmacy&Therapeutics (3rd Ed.), Churchill
Levingstone, London, UK.
2. Paul G (2000), A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black
Well,US
3.  Herfindal  G (1992), Clinical  Pharmacy  &  Therapeutics, William and Willkins, London.
4.  Winfield AJ (1998), Pharmaceutical Practice (2nd Ed), Churchill Levingston, London, UK.
5.  Taylor K (1998), Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York.
6. Rosenbaun D, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book (2nd
Ed), Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA.
7. Cook S, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to
Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK.
8.  Joseph T, Dipiro (2003), Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy, Marcel Dekker                     Publishing.
9.  Joseph T, Dipiro (2002), Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing.
10. Rantucci MJ (1997), Pharmacist Talking with Patients.
11. Smith GDG, Aronson JK (1990), Oxford  Text  Book  of  Clinical
Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford Universotu Press, UK.
12. Hansten P, Horn J (1989), Drug interactions, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia,
USA.

PHM 510   PHARMACEUTICS-XXII (Pharmaceutical Technology-II)
                                                                         (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
By studying this course students will learn different techniques and methods of formulation development especially with reference to advanced formulation techniques, modified drug release and the use of pharmaceutical bio-technology in product development and genetic engineering and its application in medicines.

Course Outline:
1.  MODIFIED DRUG RELEASE DOSAGE FORM:
The  concept  of  sustained  release,  First  order  release  approximation,
Multiple dosing, Implementation of designing, Approaches based upon
dosage  form  modification,  Product  evaluation  and  testing,  Matrices
tablets,  Control  release  technology,  Microencapsulation,  Method  of
particle coating and Instrumentation in granule manufacturing.

2.  PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Biotechnological aspects in the product development, Fundamentals of Genetic  Engineering  and  its  Application  in  Medicine,  Principle, Synthesis and Application of Monoclonal, Antibodies, Introduction to Gene therapy, Immobilized Enzymes and their application in Medicine, General Principle and Methods of Microbial Assay.

                              PHM 512      PHARMACEUTICS-XXII (Pharmaceutical Technology-II)
                                                                   (Laboratory)   Cr. Hr. 1(0, 1)
Course Objectives:
This course will make the students to understand the technological basis for the analysis of drug compounds including microbial assays, particle size analysis, stability studies and coating of particles. The students will also be able to learn how to prepare, examine and control specifications of packaging materials.
Course Contents:
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the
facilities, e.g. Microbial assay, Particle size analysis using various
methods, Stability studies of Pharmaceuticals, Coating of particles and
To prepare, examine and control specifications of packaging materials.
Recommended Books
1 Hellery AM (2001),  Drug  delivery  and  targeting,  Taylor  &  Francis,
London.
2. Robinson JR(1987), Controlled drug delivery (2nd Ed), Marcel & Dakker Inc, New York, USA.
3.  Ramabhadran  TV (1994),  Pharmaceutical  design  and  development,  Ellis Horwood, New York, USA.
4. Aulton ME (1998),  Pharmaceutics:  Science  of  Dosage  Forms  Design,
ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London,UK.
5.  Banker (1990), Modern pharmaceutics, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York,USA.
6. Bontempo JA (1997),  Development  of  biopharmaceutical  parenteral
dosage forms, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York,USA.
7. Jain NK (1997), Controlled and Novel drug delivery, CBS Publishers & Distributers, New Dehi,India.
8.  Ansel (1990), Pharmaceutical Dosage Form in Drug Delivery System, Lee & Febiger, London,UK.
9. Attaurahman, Chaudry MI (2001),  Bioassay  techniques  for  drug
development, CRC Press, LLC, USA.
10. Gupta PK (1999), Inject able drug development, CRC Press, LLC,
USA.
11. Smith HJ (1998), Introduction to the principals of drug design and
action, CRC Press, LLC, USA.
12. Liu R (2000),  Water  Insoluble  Drug  Formulations,  CRC  Press,  LLC,
USA.
13. Peter Blaisdell P (2000), Twenty First Century Pharmaceutical Development.CRC Press, LLC, USA.
14. Lachman L (1986), Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy (3rd Ed), Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.

PHM 514   PHARMACEUTICS-XXIII (Forensic Pharmacy-II)
                                                                           (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)

Course Objectives
Study of this subject will enable the students to become aware about the regulatory control of manufacturing and sale of drugs in Pakistan. The students will be able to know about the laws and procedures regarding Registration and sale of drugs, establishment of pharmaceutical factory, wholesale and distribution set ups. The students will also get knowledge of Rules and legislation about controlled, poisonous and dangerous drugs.

Course Outline

1.  THE PHARMACY ACT, 1967.

2.  THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT, 1930.

3.  THE FACTORY LAW 1934.

4.  SHOPS  AND  ESTABLISHMENT  ORDINANCE, 1969  WITH RULES.
5.  THE POISONS ACT, 1919.

6.  CONTROL OF NARCOTICS SUBSTANCES ACT, 1997.
Recommended Books
1  Hussain RZ (2003), The Manual of Drug Laws in Pakistan, Irfan Law Book
House, Lahore-Pakistan
2.  The Pharmacy Act, 1967
3.  The Poisons Act, 1919
4.  The Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930
5.  The Factory Law, 1934
6.  Shop and Establishment Ordinance, 1969
7.  Control of Narcotics Substances Act, 1997.

PHM 516   PHARMACEUTICS-XXIV (Pharmaceutical Management &
         Marketing-II)                                      (Theory)   Cr. Hr. 3(3, 0)
Course Objectives:
This Pharmaceutical Management and marketing course will enable the students to learn about different principles of marketing and sales management. This course will develop among students the understanding of Pharmacy layout design.
Course Outline:
1.  MARKETING MANAGEMENT:
Marketing channels, Promotion and Advertising and Salesmanship.

2.  SALES MANAGEMENT:
Personnel, Buying, Receiving, Pricing, Sales promotion and Customer Services.

3.  PHARMACY LAYOUT DESIGN:
Objectives  of  Layout  Design,  Types  of  Community  Pharmacies (Pharmaceutical  Centre,  Prescription-oriented  Pharmacies,  Traditional Pharmacies and The Super Drug Store), Consumer goods and purchases, Classes  of  Layout  designs,  Principles  and  characteristics  of  Layout Design and Traffic Flow analysis.
Recommended Books

1. Ahmad M & Bukhari NI (2002),  Pharmaceutical  Management  and
Marketing, Tariq Academy, Faisalabad-Pakistan.
2.  Tharp P & Lecca PJ (1979), Pharmacy Management for students
and practitioners, The C V Mosby Company, St. Louis, Toronto, London .
3. Smith HA (1986), Principles & Methods of Pharmacy Management,
Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.